"IT  I  TV 

!w<.  4— fl  A. 


i 


THE  LIBRARY 


THE  UNIVERSITY 


OF  CAL  [FORNIA 


LOS  ANGELES 


GIFT  OF 


COMMODORE  BYRON  MCCANDLESS 


9  M 


MAKERS 


OF 


NORTH  CAROLINA  HISTORY 


BY 

R.    D.   W.   COXXOR 

SECRETARY    OF   THE    NORTH    CAROLINA    HISTORICAL 
COMMISSION 


THE  THOMPSON  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

RALEIGH,  NORTH  CAROLINA 
1911 


Copyright,  1911,  by 
THE  THOMPSON  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 


TO    MY    MOTHER 

KATE    WHITFIELD    CONNOR 

IN    ALL  THAT   IS   NOBLE   IN    WOMANHOOD   AND   BEAUTIFUL   IN 

MOTHERHOOD  A   TRUE   REPRESENTATIVE   OF    NORTH 

CAROLINA    MOTHERS,  WHO  ARE,   IN  TRUTH, 

THE     REAL    MAKERS     OF    THE 

COMMONWEALTH 


1O23964 


r  i;  K  FAT  K 

THE  title  of  this  book  sufficiently  explains  its  purpose 
and  its  scope.  In  it  I  have  emphasized,  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, the  personalities  of  the  men  who  have  made  our 
history  rather  than  the  events  in  which  they  were  con- 
cerned. The  latter  can  be  studied  in  the  narrative 
histories  of  the  State  which  of  necessity  must  present 
but  little  or  nothing  of  the  former.  Of  course  I  do 
not  mean  that  the  great  events  in  which  these  men  were 
leaders  have  been  neglected.  The  child  who  studies 
this  book  will  acquire  as  much  knowledge  of  the  general 
history  of  the  State  as  the  average  child  in  the  grades 
is  capable  of  assimilating.  This  book  has  been  written 
under  the  impression  that  the  children  of  North  Caro- 
lina have  more  knowledge  of  the  great  events  of  our 
history  than  of  the  great  leaders;  and  under  the  con- 
viction that  knowledge  of  the  latter  is  equally  as 
important  and  even  more  interesting,  to  children,  at 
least,  than  the  former. 

I  am,  of  course,  aware  that  others  selecting  such  a 
list  would  probably  reject  some  names  that  I  have 
included  and  include  some  that  I  have  excluded.  I 
have  no  quarrel  with  their  choice  and  I  trust  they  will 
have  none  with  mine.  The  necessity  of  selecting  at 
all  and  the  necessary  limit  to  the  number  to  be  included 
in  such  a  book,  account  for  the  exclusion  of  several 
names  which  deserve,  as  much  as  anv  in  mv  list,  to  be 


viii  PREFACE 

included  in  any  list  supposed  to  be  complete  of  the 
"  Makers  of  North  Carolina  History."  The  names 
of  John  Ashe,  James  Iredell,  Samuel  Johnston, 
Willie  P.  Mangum,  Braxton  Craven,  James  and  Alfred 
Moore,  John  M.  Morehead,  Archibald  D.  Murphey, 
David  L.  Swain,  and  others  readily  occur.  Some  of 
those  in  my  list  certainly  occupy  no  greater  place  in 
our  history  than  some  of  those  here  enumerated.  Other 
reasons,  which  obviously  cannot  be  discussed  here, 
have  determined  my  selections. 

This  book  can  be  used  in  three  ways: 

First,  as  a  history; 

Second,  as  supplementary  to  a  narrative  history  of 
North  Carolina  or  of  the  United  States; 

Third,  as  a  supplementary  reader. 

The  teacher  will  observe  that  the  "  Questions  for 
Special  Study"  which  follow  each  of  the  sketches  are 
not  the  obvious  questions  suggested  directly  by  the 
text.  They  are  derived  indirectly  from  the  text,  and 
as  a  rule  can  be  answered  by  a  little  reading  between 
the  lines  of  the  narrative.  Some  of  them  are  questions 
of  opinion  only,  and  the  pupils  should  be  encouraged 
to  express  their  own  opinions  freely  without  dictation 
from  the  teacher  and  be  ready  to  defend  their  opinions 
when  attacked. 

R.  D.  W.  C. 


CONTEXTS 

CIIATTKU  P.\<;K 

I.    SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 1 

II.    GEORGE  DIRANT 14 

III.  THOMAS  POLLOCK 20 

IV.  KDWARD  MOSELKY 3<S 

V.     Ilr<;n  WADDELL 51 

VI.    JOHN  HARVEY 03 

VII.      C'oRNKLIUS   HARNETT 7(5 

VIII.     HOOPER,  HE\VES,  AND  PENN 91 

IX.    KicHAHi)  CASWKI.L 10") 

X.    CLKVKLA.ND,  SHKLHY,  AND  SKVIKK 120 

XI.    WILLIAM  RICHARDSON  DAVIK 132 

XII.     XATHAMKL  MACO.N 14(5 

XIII.  JOHNSTON  BLAKKLY 159 

XIV.  WILLIAM  CASTOX 170 

XV.    JAMKS  C'OC-HKANK  DOBBIN 183 

XVI.    WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  (IHAHAM 192 

XVII.    CALVIN  HENDERSON  WILEY 210 

XVIII.    ZEBTLON  BAIRD  VANCE 222 

XIX.    HILL,  PETTIGREW,  AND  GRIMES 241 

XX.    CHARLES  DUNCAN  MC!VER 262 

XXI.    MAKERS   OF   MODERN   NORTH   CAROLINA       .       .       .  274 

APPENDIX  I.  ORIGIN  AND  XAMES  OF  THE  COUNTIES 

OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 295 

APPENDIX  II.  LIST  OF  THE  GOVERNORS  OF  NORTH 

CAROLINA 30ii 

INDEX  309 


MAKERS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


CHAPTER  I 

SIR   WALTKR    RALKIGII 

Why  our  Capital  City  was  named  Raleigh.  —  Raleigh, 
the  capital  city  of  North  Carolina,  bears  the  name  of 
one  of  the  great  men  of  England.  Why  should  an  Ameri- 
can State  name  its  capital 
city  for  an  Englishman? 
Was  it  because  he  was  fa- 
mous as  a  statesman,  soldier, 
author,  and  patriot?  No,  it 
was  because  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  sent  the  first  English 
colony  to  America  and  his 
colony  settled  in  what  is 
now  North  Carolina.  As 
Raleigh's  work  won  the  best 
part  of  the  New  World  for 
the  English  people,  North 
Carolina  named  her  capital 
city  in  his  honor. 

The  Young  Soldier.  —  Raleigh  was  born  in  England 
in  1552,  sixty  years  after  Columbus  discovered  America. 
He  was  born  at  a  beautiful  country  place  called  "  Hayes," 
on  the  southern  coast  of  England.  Near  his  home  was 
the  town  of  Plymouth,  a  famous  seaport  where  sailors 

1 


SIR  WALTKR  KALKIUH 


2  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

came  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  These  sailors  had 
many  a  tale  to  tell  about  the  countries  they  had  visited. 
Some  of  them  had  been  to  the  New  World  where  they 
had  seen  wonderful  wild  birds  and  animals  and  the 
savage  red  men  with  long  bows  and  arrows  and  curious 
wigwams.  How  eagerly  young  Raleigh  listened  to  the 
interesting  stories  of  these  sunburnt  sailors!  And  how 
he  longed  to  sail  out  on  the  broad  Atlantic  to  see  the 
wonders  of  America  for  himself! 

But  after  a  while  school-days  came  and  young  Raleigh 
was  sent  away  from  home  to  school.  He  studied 
well  and  read  a  great  deal.  He  liked  books  of  travel 
that  told  of  adventure  in  foreign  countries,  and  of  the 
strange  people  and  customs  of  lands  beyond  the  sea. 
He  was  fond  of  history,  and  the  great  deeds  of  famous 
men  made  him  eager  to  win  fame  for  himself.  After 
leaving  school  he  became  a  soldier  in  the  British  army. 
He  was  so  skilful  that  he  soon  won  the  rank  of  captain, 
and  so  fearless  that  his  bravery  attracted  the  attention 
of  Queen  Elizabeth  herself. 

Raleigh  becomes  a  Favorite  of  the  Queen.  —  After 
serving  six  years  in  the  army,  Raleigh  went  to  London 
and  was  presented  at  Court.  His  handsome  form,  his 
fine  face,  his  rich  dress,  and  his  elegant  and  pleasant 
manners  pleased  good  "Queen  Bess."  In  a  very  short 
time  he  became  one  of  her  most  trusted  advisers  and 
favorite  courtiers.  She  made  him  a  knight,  and  heaped 
honors  and  riches  on  him  until  he  became  one  of  the 
great  men  in  England. 

Raleigh  plans  to  send  a  Colony  to  America.  -  At 
that  time  England  and  Spain  were  at  war  with  each 
other.  Spain  owned  great  colonies  in  America  from 


SIR    \VALTKH    UAI-KHIII  X 

which  she  received  vast  treasures  of  gold  and  silver. 
With  this  wealth  she  fitted  out  armies  and  fleets  against 
England. 

England  also  claimed  territory  in  America  on  account 
of  the  voyages  of  .John  and  Sebastian  Cabot.  Hut  she 
had  not  taken  possession  of  it,  and  Spain  denied  that 
she  had  any  right  to  it.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  thought 
that  England  ought  to  send  colonies  to  the  New  World. 
Such  colonies  he  said  would  help  to  make  England  richer 
and  more  powerful  than  Spain.  lie  laid  his  plans  before 
the  Queen,  and  she  gave  him  permission  to  take  posses- 
sion of  her  territory  in  America  and  plant  a  colony 
there. 

Raleigh's  First  Expedition.  --  In  less  than  a  month 
Raleigh  had  two  vessels  ready  to  sail  for  America.  They 
were  commanded  by  daring  sailors,  Captains  Philip 
Amadas  and  Arthur  Harlow.  Raleigh  intended  for 
them  to  explore  the  country  and  select  a  good  place 
for  the  colony.  They  sailed  from  England  in  the  spring 
of  lf)84,  and  on  July  4th  reached  the  coast  of  what  is 
now  North  Carolina.  Springing  upon  the  shore,  they 
first  gave  thanks  to  God  for  their  safe  arrival,  and  then 
unfurling  the  English  flag  claimed  the  country  in  the 
name  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 
A  few  days  later,  while  exploring  the  country,  Captain 
Harlow  with  seven  of  his  men  came  to  an  island  which 
the  natives  called  Roanoke.  All  about  them  were  many 
other  islands  ''most  beautiful  and  pleasant  to  behold." 

The  visitors  seemed  to  think  they  had  reached  Para- 
dise. They  were  charmed  with  the  delightful  climate, 
the  fertile  soil,  the  sweet  flowers,  and  the  tall  trees. 
On  everv  tree  and  shrub  grew  wild  vines,  filled  with 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


sweet  grapes,  "in  such  plenty  that  in  all  the  world  the 

like  abundance  could  not  be  found." 

From     the     Indians,    they    received    fruits,    melons, 

cucumbers,  and  corn,  which  was  "very  white,  fair  and 

well  tasted."     The  woods  were  full  of  deer,  hares,  and 

birds ;  and  the  waters  were 
alive  "with  the  goodliest 
and  best  fish  in  the  world." 
As  the  men  strolled 
along  the  seashore,  great 
flocks  of  white  cranes  flew 
up  around  them  with  such 
cries  that  it  seemed  "as  if 
an  army  of  men  had 
shouted  all  together." 
The  Indians  treated  their 
visitors  "with  all  love  and 
kindness";  and  the  Eng- 
lishmen thought  them 
"most  gentle,  loving,  and 
faithful." 

QUEEN-  EUZABETH  "  Virginia."        Amadas 

and   Barlow  thought  that 

Roanoke  was  the  very  place  for  Raleigh's  colony.  After 
spending  two  months  exploring  the  country,  they  sailed 
for  England,  carrying  with  them  two  of  the  Indians 
whose  names  were  Wanchese  and  Manteo.  In  England 
their  story  was  heard  with  wonder  and  delight.  Every- 
body was  charmed  with  the  new  country  and  its  gentle 
loving  people.  When  Amadas  asked  the  Indians  the 
name  of  their  country,  they  replied  "  Win-gan-da-coa," 
and  by  this  name  Amadas  and  Barlow  called  it.  But 


SIR   WALTKR    RALKHJII  5 

what  the  Indians  really  meant  by  "  Win-gan-da-coa  " 
was,  "What  pretty  clothes  you  wear!"  Queen  Eliza- 
beth was  so  pleased  that  this  new  land  was  found 
during  her  reign,  that  she  called  it  "Virginia,"  in  honor 
of  herself,  the  Virgin  Queen. 

The  First  Colony.  —  Raleigh  lost  no  time  in  sending 
a  colony  to  Virginia.  For  governor,  he  selected  Ralph 
Lane,  a  brave  soldier  in  the  Queen's  army.  In  this 
colony  were  108  men  who  sailed  for  Roanoke  in  a  fleet 
of  seven  vessels.  After  a  voyage  of  three  months, 
they  reached  Roanoke  in  July,  1585. 

Their  first  work  was  to  build  a  rude  fort,  called 
"Fort  Raleigh,"  and  then  some  dwelling-houses. 
Lane  was  a  good  leader,  but  his  men  were  lazy  and 
would  not  work.  They  expected  to  find  gold  and 
silver  at  Roanoke  and  instead  of  planting  crops, 
they  spent  their  time  looking  for  precious  metals. 
So  when  winter  came,  their  food  gave  out  and 
had  it  not  been  for  Manteo,  they  would  have 
starved. 

Wanchese  and  Manteo.  —  Wanchese  and  Manteo 
had  returned  to  Roanoke  with  Lane.  What  a  wonder- 
ful story  they  had  to  tell  their  old  friends  at  home! 
They  had  crossed  the  great  ocean.  They  had  been 
to  the  great  city  of  London.  They  had  seen  more 
people  with  pale  faces  than  they  could  count.  They 
had  even  been  to  the  palace  and  seen  the  Queen.  Manteo 
loved  the  English  people  because  they  had  been  kind 
to  him,  and  became  their  strong  friend.  But  when 
Wanchese  saw  how  powerful  the  English  people  were, 
he  feared  and  hated  them.  Upon  his  return  to  Roanoke, 
he  made  up  his  mind  to  destroy  the  little  colony  before 


6  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

the  pale-faced  strangers  became  strong  enough  to  take 
the  land  from  his  people. 

The  Colony  Fails.  —  When  the  English  needed  food, 
Manteo  sent  them  corn  and  fish,  and  persuaded  the 
other  Indians  to  be  friendly  to  them  also.  In  return 
Lane  and  his  men  were  harsh  and  at  times  cruel.  Then 
Wanchese  got  the  upper  hand  of  Manteo,  and  the 
Indians  began  to  lay  plans  to  get  rid  of  their  white 
visitors.  Soon  a  war  broke  out.  But  the  red  men 
with  their  bows  and  arrows  were  no  match  for  the 
whites  with  their  guns  and  pistols.  Lane  easily  defeated 
them,  but  after  his  victory  he  found  it  harder  than 
ever  to  get  food  for  his  men. 

The  men  now  began  to  ask  each  other  anxiously, 
"What  shall  we  do?  We  can  no  longer  depend  on  the 
Indians,  yet  we  must  have  food  or  we  shall  starve  on 
this  lonely  island."  Had  their  friends  in  England  for- 
gotten them?  Would  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  never  send 
them  help?  All  were  about  to  give  up  hope,  when, 
one  day  in  June,  a  man  dashed  up  to  Lane,  all  out  of 
breath,  and  cried  out  that  he  had  seen  sails  at  sea. 
How  this  good  news  cheered  the  homesick  settlers! 
An  English  fleet  had  arrived,  and  they  were  saved. 
The  commander  of  this  fleet  was  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
one  of  England's  most  famous  naval  heroes.  In  his 
fleet  were  twenty-three  vessels.  He  had  been  among 
the  West  Indies  plundering  Spanish  ships  and  now, 
with  vast  treasures,  was  on  his  way  back  to  England. 
He  offered  to  take  Lane  and  his  hungry  men  home. 
They  were  glad  enough  to  go  and  so  in  June,  1580, 
they  sailed  away  from  Roanoke.  Raleigh's  first  colony 
had  failed. 


SIR    \VALTKK    RALKHiM 


''Uppowoc, "  "Pagatour,"  and  "Openauk."  Lane 
and  his  men  found  no  gold  in  "Virginia."  Hut  they 
carried  home  with  them  three  plants  that  have  brought 
to  England  more  wealth  than  the  Spaniards  got  from 
all  their  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  These  plants  were 
''  uppowoc,"  "pagatour,  "  and  "openauk."  What  odd 
names  these  are!  Who  would 
ever  guess  that  "uppowoc" 
was  the  Indian  name  for 
tobacco,  "pagatour"  for 
Indian  corn,  and  "openauk1' 
for  Irish  potato? 

And  why,  do  you  suppose, 
the  white  potato,  which  came 
from  America,  is  called  the 
"Irish  potato"?  Because, 
after  Raleigh  planted  it  in 
Ireland,  the  potato  became 
the  .chief  food  of  the  Irish 
people  and  more  than  once 
has  saved  them  from  star- 
vation in  time  of  famine.  Raleigh  also  taught  the 
English  people  how  to  smoke.  It  is  said  that  one  day 
while  he  was  smoking  his  pipe,  his  servant  entered  the 
room  with  a  pitcher  of  ale.  Frightened  at  seeing  smoke 
pouring  out  of  .his  master's  mouth  and  nose,  he  cried 
out  that  Sir  Walter  was  on  fire,  and  dashed  the  ale  in 
his  face! 

Raleigh's  Second  Colony.  -  Raleigh  was  disappointed 
at  the  failure  of  his  colony,  but  he  did  not  lose  heart. 
The  next  year  he  prepared  a  second  colony  for  "  Vir- 
ginia." John  White,  who  had  been  at  Roanoke  with 


SIH  FHA.NXIS  DKAKE 


8  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

Lane,  was  appointed  governor.  In  this  colony  were 
ninety-one  men,  seventeen  women,  and  nine  children. 
They  sailed  from  England  in  April,  1587,  and  reached 
Roanoke  in  July.  They  found  Fort  Raleigh  in  ruins, 
but  at  once  began  to  repair  it  and  to  build  new  houses. 
Thus  was  begun  the  second  English  colony  in  America. 

Virginia  Dare.  —  On  August  18,  1587,  a  baby  girl 
was  born  at  Roanoke.  Her  mother,  Eleanor  Dare,  was 
a  daughter  of  Governor  White.  On  the  following 
Sunday  the  baby  was  baptized,  and  because  she 
was  the  first  white  child  born  in  "  Virginia,"  her  mother 
named  her  Virginia.  Perhaps  more  people  know  the 
history  of  little  Virginia  Dare  than  of  any  other  baby 
that  ever  lived  in  America.  The  very  spot  on  which 
she  was  born  is  now  in  a  county  called  Dare. 

Governor  White  Returns  to  England.  —  As  the  settlers 
reached  Roanoke  too  late  to  plant  a  crop,  somebody 
had  to  return  to  England  for  food,  clothes,  and  other 
things.  Who  should  go?  The  settlers  said  that  Gov- 
ernor White  ought  to  go  because  he  could  get  the  things 
they  needed  more  easily  than  anybody  else.  But  he 
did  not  think  that  he  ought  to  leave  his  colony,  and  at 
first  refused.  Then  all  the  men,  and  even  the  women, 
gathered  around  him  and  begged  so  hard  that  at  last 
he  consented.  They  promised  him  that  if  they  had 
to  leave  Roanoke  before  he  returned  they  would  carve 
the  name  of  their  new  settlement  on  a  tree.  If  they 
were  in  distress,  they  would  cut  a  cross  like  this  ( "f" ) 
above  the  name.  Governor  White  then  sailed  for 
England. 

"The  Invincible  Armada/'  In  England  he  found 
everybody  deeply  stirred  over  a  great  war  with  Spain. 


SIR  WAI.TKK  U.\U-:K;II 


9 


A  powerful  Spanish  fleet  called  "  The  Invincible  Armada," 
\vith  a  large  army  on  hoard,  was  coming  to  conquer 
England.  I']\'ery  English  vessel  and  every  English 
sailor  was  needed  to  defend  the  country.  There  was 
no  man  in  all  the  land  busier  than  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 
Still  Raleigh  found  time  to  prepare  a  ship  loaded  with 


INDIAN  WARRIORS  AT  ROANOKE  ISLAND,   15S5 
(From  one  of  the  pictures  made  by  John  White.) 

supplies  for  his  little  colony.  The  ship  started  on  its 
voyage,  but  was  soon  driven  back  by  Spanish  war 
vessels.  It  was  then  too  late  to  send  another.  The 
great  kl  Armada  "  had  come,  and  every  man's  first  duty 
was  to  defend  his  country.  In  the  midst  of  this  great 
danger  to  England,  the  little  colony  on  far-away  Roanoke 
was  neglected.  Finally  the  great  battle  was  fought 
and  the  Spanish  fleet  destroyed.  ''Clod  blew  with  his 
winds/'  said  the  Queen,  "and  they  were  scattered." 

"Croatoan."     -Two    years    had    passed    before    Gov- 
ernor White  could  sail  again  for  Roanoke.     lie  found 


10 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


the  island  deserted.  Not  a  sign  of  his  colony  could 
be  seen.  He  blew  upon  his  trumpet.  He  called  to 
his  people  by  name.  He  sang  their  old  familiar  songs. 
He  fired  his  guns  and  cannon.  But  there  was  no  reply. 
The  houses  had  fallen  down.  Weeds  grew  within  the 
ruined  walls.  The  settlers  had  disappeared. 

Governor    White    wandered    sadly    about    the    place, 
looking   everywhere   for   some   sign   of   his   colony.     At 

last  on  a  post  near  the 
door  of  the  fort,  he 
found  one  single  word, 
in  capital  letters, 
CROATOAX.  But 
above  it  was  no  cross 
or  any  sign  of  distress. 
Croatoan  was  the 
place  where  Manteo, 
the  friend  of  the  Eng- 

,     lived.  So     GOV- 


IXDIAXS    MAKING    A   CANOE 

ernor  White  started  at  once  to  find  Croatoan. 

The  Lost  Colony.  —  But  during  the  night  a  great 
storm  arose.  The  wind  snapped  the  ship's  cables  as 
if  they  had  been  of  twine.  Three  anchors  were  lost. 
The  vessel  was  driven  on  a  sand  bar  and  nearly  wrecked. 
Food  ran  low  and  fresh  water  gave  out.  When  the 
storm  was  over,  the  captain  of  the  vessel  refused  to  go 
to  Croatoan.  In  spite  of  Governor  White's  prayers, 
he  sailed  away  to  the  West  Indies  to  repair  his  ship. 
Even  after  the  ship  had  been  repaired,  the  captain 
refused  to  sail  for  Oroatoan,  but  returned  to  England, 
carrying  poor  Governor  White  with  him.  Other  expedi- 
tions were  sent  to  look  for  the  colony,  but  no  trace 


SIR  \v.\i;n:u  RAI.KKIH  1  i 

of  it  was  over  found.  So  (lovornor  While  never  saw 
his  little  granddaughter  attain,  and  to  this  day  his  colony 
is  known  as  "The  Lost  Colony." 

Raleigh's  Misfortunes.  Raleigh's  colonies  had  cost 
him  a  fortune  and  had  not  brought  him  in  a  single  penny. 
He  soon  found  himself,  too,  out  of  favor  with  Queen 
Elizabeth.  She  was  angry  because  he  had  married  one  of 
the  ladies  of  her  Court,  and  banished  him  from  her  sight. 
But  Raleigh,  in  spite  of  the  Queen's  disfavor,  continued 
to  serve  his  country. 

Upon  the  death  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  James  Stuart, 
King  of  Scotland,  became  King  of  England.  He  was  a 
wretched  tyrant,  and  disliked  the  great  men  who  had 
made  Elizabeth's  reign  so  glorious.  Of  them  all,  he 
hated  Raleigh  most.  To  please  his  friend,  the  King 
of  Spain,  James  had  Raleigh  thrown  into  prison.  The 
charge  against  him  was  treason,  which  everybody  knew 
to  be  false.  Yet  the  King's  judges  declared  Raleigh 
guilty  and  sentenced  him  to  death.  But  he  was  so 
popular  with  the  people  that  James  was  afraid  to  have 
him  executed,  and  he  remained  in  prison  for  fourteen 
years. 

Raleigh's  Heroic  Death.  —  During  these  years  King 
James  fell  more  and  more  under  the  influence  of  the 
King  of  Spain.  There  was  no  man  in  England  whom 
Spain  feared  and  hated  as  much  as  Raleigh.  So.  to 
show  his  love  for  Spain,  in  1G18  James  ordered  that 
Raleigh  be  put  to  death.  Raleigh  met  his  death  bravely. 
When  his  friends  came  to  say  good-by,  he  smiled  and 
said: 

"I  have  a  long  journey  to  make,  so  I  must  take  my 
leave  of  vou." 


12  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

On  the  scaffold,  he  asked  the  headsman  to  let  him  see 
the  ax.  The  man  hesitated. 

"What!"  said  Raleigh.  "Let  me  see  it.  Dost 
thou  think  I  am  afraid  of  it?"  Running  his  finger 
along  the  keen  blade,  he  said: 

"Tis  a  sharp  medicine,  but  it  will  cure  all  my  ills." 

Then  he  laid  his  head  on  the  block  and  told  the  heads- 
man to  strike.  Again  the  man  hesitated  and  trembled. 
"What  dost  thou  fear,  man!"  exclaimed  Raleigh. 
"Strike,  man,  strike!'' 

He  struck  and  thus  ended  the  life  of  one  of  England's 
bravest  and  noblest  sons. 

Raleigh's  own  efforts  to  plant  a  colony  in  America 
failed.  But  he  never  lost  interest  in  the  New  World. 
Soon  after  the  loss  of  White's  colony,  writing  of  Vir- 
ginia, he  said,  "I  shall  live  to  see  it  an  English  nation 
yet."  And  he  did  live  to  see  a  permanent  colony  planted 
at  Jamestown.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  rendered  many 
great  services  to  his  country,  but  his  greatest  service 
was  in  pointing  out  the  way  to  found  an  English  nation 
in  America. 

GEOGRAPHY    STUDY 

1.  In  what  part  of  England  is  Plymouth? 

2.  Describe   the   position   of   England   and   Spain    with    reference 
to  Europe'.     To  America.     To  each  other. 

3.  What  portion  of  the  Xew  World  did  Spain  coloni/e?     What 
parts    of    the    New    World    are    now    inhabited    by    English-speaking 
nations? 

4.  Find  and  describe  the  situation  of  Roanoke  Island. 

">.  Amadas  and  Barlow  sailed  from  London  down  the  Thames, 
to  the  Canary  Islands,  thence  to  the  West  Indies,  thence  up  the  coast 
of  Florida  to  Cape  Lookout,  thence  to  Hatteras  Inlet,  thence  to 
Roanoke  Island.  Trace  their  route  on  your  map. 


SIR  \vAi;n-:u  RAU;K;H  i:j 

0.  Describe  the  locution  and  surroundings  of  Uoaiiokc  Island. 
What  is  its  situation  with  reference  to  the  West  Indies?  In  what 
count v  is  it?  What  is  its  county  seat? 


1.    Why  was  the  ('apital  of  North  Carolina,  named  Ualeigh? 

'_'.    Describe   Sir    Walter    Raleigh's   early    life. 

3.    \\'liy  did    Raleigh   hecoine  such  a  favorite   with   the  Queen? 

•1.  Why  did  Kngland  hecoine  interested  in  sending  a.  colony 
lo  America? 

.">.    Describe  the  voyage  of  Amadas  and   Barlow. 

(>.    How  was  their  story  received  in  Kngland? 

7.    Tell  the  story  of  Raleigh's  first  colony. 

S.  What  three  plants  did  Lane  take  to  Kngland?  Describe  each  of 
these  plants.  Tell  how  it  is  cultivated.  What  are  the  uses  of  each? 

!).    Describe"  the  second  colony  to  Roanoke. 

10.  Why  did  (lovernor  White  return  to  Kngland?     What  promise, 
did  the  settlers  make  to  him?     Why  did  he  not  return   at   once  to 
Roanoke? 

11.  Describe  White's  return. 

12.  Why  did  Raleigh  give  up  his  plans  after  the  loss  of  his  second 
colon.v? 

13.  Describe  Raleigh's  last  days. 

14.  What  were  the  results  of  his  efforts  to  plant  a  colony  on  Roanoke 
Island? 

QUESTIONS   FOR   SPECIAL   STUDY 

1.  How  old  was  Raleigh  when  he  was  presented  to  the  Queen? 
When  he  sent  his  first  expedition  to  America?     At  his  death? 

2.  How  long  did  it  take  Amadas  and  Barlow  to  cross  the  Atlantic? 
How  long  does  it  now  take  to  go  from  Xew  York  to  Liverpool? 

3.  How  long  did  Lane's  colony  remain  on  Roanoke  Island'.' 

4.  A  certain   historian  says  that   the  defeat   of  ''The  Invincible 
Armada"  was  "the  opening  event  in  the  history  of  the  United  States." 
Explain   what    is  meant   by  that   statement. 

5.  Since  Raleigh's  efforts  to  colonize  "Virginia"  failed,  what 
right  has  he  to  be  called  "The  Founder  of  English-America"? 


CHAPTER  II 
GEORGE  DURANT 

How  Settlers  came  to  North  Carolina.  —  After  the 
loss  of  the  colony  at  Roanoke,  many  years  passed  before 
other  white  settlers  came  to  North  Carolina.  In  1607 
Virginia  was  settled  and  grew  into  an  important  colony. 
From  Virginia  came  the  pioneers  who  led  the  way  to 
the  settlement  of  North  Carolina. 

In  those  days  there  were  but  few  roads  through  the 
wilderness.  Travel  by  land  was  difficult  and  dangerous, 
so  the  settlers  usually  traveled  by  water.  By  water, 
too,  they  sent  their  products  to  market.  Therefore 
lands  lying  along  the  rivers  and  sounds  were  usually 
selected  for  settlements.  They  were  also  more  fertile 
than  the  uplands.  Accordingly  the  early  settler  usually 
built  his  home  on  the  bank  of  some  stream.  Many 
of  the  streams  of  Southern  Virginia  flow  into  the  sounds 
of  Eastern  North  Carolina.  By  following  down  the 
banks  of  these  streams,  settlers  from  Virginia  came  into 
Carolina,  and  built  homes  on  the  shore  of  Albemarle 
Sound. 

George  Durant.  —  Among  the  first  of  these  early 
settlers  was  George  Durant.  He  was  born  in  England 
about  1632.  While  still  a  young  man  he  left  the  Old 
World  to  seek  a  home  in  Virginia.  But  Durant  was  not 
satisfied  with  his  situation  in  Virginia.  He  probably 
heard  hunters  and  explorers  talking  about  the  rich  lands 

l  -1 


(JKOHdK    Dl'RAXT 


on  Albemarle  Sound  which  could  be  had  almost  for 
nothing.  So,  about  the  year  1000,  ho  decided  to  explore 
that  country,  and  with  several  companions  he  set  out 
on  a  journey  through  the  wilderness. 

/^'Durant's  Neck."  Durant's  companions  soon  found 
lands  that  suited  them.  They  bought  large  tracts 
from  the  Indians  and  began  their  new  homes  on  the 
Albemarle.  But  Durant  himself  was  not  so  easily 
satisfied.  Before  settling,  Jio  wanted  to  know  more 
about  the  new  region.  For  two  years  lie  explored  the 
streams  and  the  forests.  At  the  end  of  that  time  he 
probably  knew  more  about  the  country  on  the  Albe- 
marle Sound  than  any  other  white  man.  It  was  this 
habit  of  doing  things  thoroughly  that  later  made  him 
a  leader  in  the  province. 

At  last  Durant  found  a 
place  that  he  liked.  It  was  a 
fine  tract  lying  on  Perquim- 
ans  River  and  Albemarle 
Sound.  As  it  belonged  to 
the  Indians,  Durant  bought 
it  from  their  chief,  Kilco- 
canen.  He  then  lost  no 
time  in  clearing  his  land 
and  building  a  dwelling- 
house.  His  plantation 
which  was  a  narrow  point 
of  land  between  two  livers, 
became  known  as  "  Du- 
rant's Xeck,"  and  by  this  name  it  is  known  to  this  day. 
"Carolina."  -Other  settlers  now  came  to  the  Albe- 
marle, and  by  1003  their  settlement  had  grown  into 


CHAKLKS  II 


16 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


importance.  Virginia  claimed  it  as  part  of  her  territory, 
but  the  King  of  England,  Charles  II,  decided  to  use  it 
for  another  purpose.  He  wished  to  reward  some  of 
his  noblemen  l  who  had  done  him  great  services  by 
giving  them  a  large  tract  of  land  in  America.  In  1663 
he  signed  a  paper,  called  a  charter,  making  them  a  pres- 
ent, not  only  of  the  Albemarle  section,  but  also  of  all 


SIR  GEORGE  CARTERET 


ANTHONY  ASHLEY  COOPER 


the  region  from  Virginia  to  Florida,  and  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific.  This  region  had  already  been 
called  Carolina,2  in  honor  of  King  Charles  I,  father  of 
Charles  II,  and  Charles  II  retained  the  name. 
-/•  First  Governor  of  Carolina.  -  The  noblemen  were 
called  the  Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina.  The  King 
gave  them  power  to  select  a  governor  for  their  colony, 

'They  were:  (Iconic  Monk,  Duke  of  Albomarle;  Edward  Hyde.  Karl  of 
Clarendon;  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper;  Lord  Craven;  Lord  Berkeley;  Sir 
William  Berkeley;  Sir  ( leorge  Carteret;  and  Sir  John  Colleton. 

-  From    'Carolus."  the  Latin  word  for  Charles. 


17 


and  in  l(>(>-l,a(  (he  suggestion  of  Sir  William  Berkeley, 
Governor  of  Virginia,  t  hey  selected  William  Drummond. 
Drummond  ruled  in  Albemarle  for  three  years.  He 
was  a  good  governor.  After  leaving  Carolina  he  went 
to  Virginia,  where  he  took  part  in  a  rebellion  against 
his  old  friend,  Sir  William 
Berkeley.  The  rebels 
were  defeated  and  Drum- 
mond was  captured  and 
taken  before  the  Governor. 

"Mr.  Drummond,  you 
are  very  welcome,"  ex- 
claimed the  angry  Gov- 
ernor, "I  am  more  pleased 
to  see  you  than  any  man 
in  Virginia.  Mr.  Drum- 
mond, you  shall  be  hanged 
in  half  an  hour."  And 
sure  enough  the  old  tyrant 
had  him  hanged! 

The  New  Government 
and  the  People.  At  first 
the  government  of  Carolina  was  simple  enough.  The 
people  liked  it  because  they  had  a  voice1  in  it.  The 
governor  was  selected  by  the  Lords  Proprietors.  He 
had  six  men  to  help  him  who  were  called  his  council. 
The  people  themselves  elected  men  to  an  Assembly.  The 
Assembly  and  the  Council  made  the  laws.  But  this  plan 
was  too  simple  to  please  the  Lords  Proprietors.  They 
had  a  new  one  prepared,  called  the  Grand  Model,  which 
gave  great  authority  to  a  class  of  noblemen  who  were 
given  such  odd  titles  as  "  Landgrave"  and  "Cacique." 


MEMORIAL  STONE  AT  XIXONTON 

(The  people  themselves  elected  men  to 

an  assembly.) 


IS  HISTORY   (3F   NORTH   CAROLINA 

The  Lords  Proprietors  were  very  proud  of  their  new 
plan.  But  it  did  not  suit  the  people  of  Carolina,  and 
they  soon  raised  a  cry  against  it.  "Down  with  your 
Landgraves!  Down  with  your  Caciques!  Let  us  fly 
to  the  King  for  protection."  The  Grand  Model  caused 
nothing  but  trouble,  because  the  people  of  North  Caro- 
lina would  obey  no  government  unless  they  had  a  voice 
in  it. 

How  the  People  prospered.  -  -  The  colony  was  now 
about  ten  years  old.  It  contained  nearly  two  thousand 
people.  Their  chief  crop  was  tobacco.  As  they  had 
no  gold  or  silver,  tobacco  was  used  as  money.  People 
bought  and  sold  things,  not  for  so  many  dollars,  but 
for  so  many  pounds  of  tobacco. 

Their  trading  was  done  chiefly  with  men  from  New 
England.  These  New  England  men  in  their  small 
ships  easily  sailed  right  up  to  the  doors  of  the  planters. 
To  them  the  planters  sold  their  crops.  From  them  they 
bought  such  things  as  could  not  be  made  on  their  plan- 
tations. For  a  few  years  the  affairs  of  the  colony  were 
orderly  and  the  people  prospered. 

Two  Bad  Laws.  —  In  1G77  this  happy  condition  came 
to  a  sudden  end.  Two  laws  which  were  passed  in 
England,  and  a  foolish  officer  who  was  sent  over  by  the 
Lords  Proprietors,  caused  trouble  and  disorder.  One 
of  these  laws  required  the  planters  to  pay  a  tax  to  the 
King  on  every  pound  of  tobacco  they  shipped  out  of 
the  colony.  This  tax  was  called  the  King's  customs. 
It  was  to  be  collected  by  an  officer  known  as  the  collector 
of  the  customs.  The  King's  customs  were  a  heavy 
burden  on  the  people  because1  they  were  poor  and 
tobacco  was  their  chief  crop. 


19 

The  other  law  required  the  planters  to  sell  their 
produets  to  English  merchants  and  to  buy  their  goods 
in  England.  This  law  was  intended  to  break  up  the 
trade  with  New  England,  and  to  enrich  the  British 
merchants.  It  was  called  the  Navigation  Law. 

The  people  protested  against  these  laws.  They 
declared  that  it  was  not  right  to  tax  them  for  the  benefit 
of  people  in  England.  It  was  not  right  to  make  them 
sell  their  tobacco  to  those  who  gave  the  lowest  prices 
for  it.  and  to  buy  goods  from  those  who  charged  the 
highest  prices.  If  they  had  to  obey  these  laws  they 
would  always  remain  poor.  They  therefore  determined 
not  to  obey  them. 

George  Durant  prepares  to  Resist.  --  In  their  resist- 
ance to  these  laws,  Cleorge  Durant  was  their  leader. 
He  was  one  of  the  largest  planters  in  the  province  and 
his  influence  with  the  people  was  very  great.  When 
he  called  upon  them  to  resist  the  Navigation  Law, 
they  readily  followed  him  in  their  first  rebellion  against 
unjust  laws. 

In  1676  two  of  the  leading  men  from  Carolina  were 
in  England.  One  of  them  was  Thomas  East  church, 
who  had  been  speaker  of  the  Assembly.  The  other 
was  Thomas  Miller.  From  them  the  Lords  Proprietors 
learned  that  affairs  in  Carolina  were  in  bad  shape. 
The  people  were  discontented  with  the  new  plan  of 
government.  They  disliked  the  Navigation  Law.  Their 
governor  had  grown  tired  of  his  office,  and  gone  to 
England,  leaving  the  colony  "  in  ill  order  and  in  worse 
hands." 

The  Lords  Proprietors,  therefore,  had  to  select  a 
new  governor.  They  wished  to  find  one  with  whom 


20 


HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 


the  people  would  be  pleased.  Perhaps,  the  Lords 
Proprietors  thought,  the  people  would  like  to  have  one 
of  their  own  men  for  governor.  They  must  like  East- 
church  because  they  had  elected  him  speaker  of  the 
Assembly.  Believing  this,  the  Proprietors  selected  East- 


DUKE  OF  ALBEMARLE 


LORD  JOHN  BERKELEY 


church  as  the  new  governor.  At  the  same  time  they 
had  Miller  appointed  collector  of  the  customs. 

But  the  Lords  Proprietors  were  mistaken.  The 
people  did  not  want  Eastchurch  for  governor,  and 
there  was  one  man  who  was  bold  enough  to  tell  the 
Proprietors  so.  That  man  was  George  Durant.  Soon 
after  Eastchurch  was  appointed,  Durant  was  in  England. 
Standing  up  boldly  before  the  Proprietors,  Durant 
said: 

"My  Lords,  Eastchurch  shall  never  be  governor.  If 
lie  goes  to  Albemarle,  I  myself  will  lead  a  rebellion 
against  him." 


21 

Eastchurch  and  Miller.  In  .June,  1(177,  Governor 
Kastcliurch  and  Collector  Miller  sailed  from  England. 
On  their  way  they  stopped  at  the  island  of  Nevis,  in 
the  West  Indies.  There  Eastchurch  fell  in  love  with 
a  wealthy  woman,  and  while  he  stayed  to  win  a  wife  and 
a  fortune,  he  sent  Miller  on  to  look  after  the  govern- 
inent  in  Carolina.  The  people  received  Miller  quietly, 
and  for  a  short  time  all  went  well. 

But  Miller's  honors  turned  his  head.  He  soon 
began  to  abuse  his  power.  He  opposed  the  right  of 
the  people  to  elect  members  of  the  Assembly.  He 
compelled  men  to  pay  heavy  fines  which  were  unjust. 
He  ordered  his  officers  to  arrest  men  whom  he  disliked 
and  bring  them  to  him,  dead  or  alive.  He  tried  to  break 
up  the  trade1  with  Xew  England.  He  seized  thousands 
of  pounds  of  tobacco  for  the  King's  customs,  part  of 
which  he  used  to  keep  up  a  guard  of  soldiers  to  do  his 
will.  The  people  called  it  his  "piping  guard/' 

Durant  leads  our  First  Rebellion.  —  For  a  while 
there  was  no  one  to  lead  the  people,  and  Miller  had  his 
own  way.  But  in  October,  1677,  a  ship  arrived  from 
England  with  George  Durant  on  board.  Here  was  a 
leader,  at  last,  and  Miller  knew  it.  He  determined  to 
catch  Durant  by  surprise  before  lie  could  arouse  the 
people.  Quickly  calling  his  "'piping  guard"  together, 
he  hurried  on  board  the  vessel,  pointed  a  pistol  at 
Durant's  breast,  and  tried  to  arrest  him  as  a  traitor. 
But  Durant  turned  tables  on  him.  He  called  on  the 
people  to  resist  [Miller's  conduct.  They  rallied  around 
Durant,  arrested  Miller,  and  threw  him  into  prison. 

Durant  then  suggested  that  the  people  elect  an 
Assemblv  to  meet  at  his  house.  The  Assemblv  met  and 


22  HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

appointed  John  Culpeper  collector  in  Miller's  place, 
and  turned  over  to  him  the  tobacco  which  Miller 
had  seized  as  the  King's  customs.  The  Assembly 
then  decided  to  have  Miller  tried  for  his  crimes, 
and  George  Durant  was  selected  to  bring  him  to 
punishment. 

•  About  this  time  a  message  was  received  from  East 
church.  He  had  won  his  bride  and  was  now  in  Virginia 
on  his  way  to  become  governor  of  Albemarle.  East- 
church  was  the  lawful  governor.  Would  George  Durant 
be  bold  enough  to  oppose  him?  Yes,  he  was  ready  to 
do  even  that!  He  first  had  Miller  declared  guilty,  and 
imprisoned,  and  then  he  raised  a  strong  guard  to  march 
against  Eastchurch.  But  no  guard  was  needed,  for 
soon  after  Eastchurch  reached  Virginia,  he  died.  And 
so,  just  as  Durant  had  declared,  Eastchurch  never 
became  governor  of  Albemarle. 

The  People's  Government.  —  For  a  while  after  Miller's 
defeat  the  people  had  a  government  of  their  own.  But 
in  1678  the  Lords  Proprietors  decided  to  send  over 
one  of  their  own  number  to  be  governor.  Perhaps  the 
people  would  respect  and  obey  a  Proprietor.  So  they 
selected  Seth  Sothel.1  But  while  crossing  the  Atlantic, 
Sothel  was  captured  by  pirates,  and  for  the  next  four 
years,  first  Thomas  Harvey  and  then  John  Jenkins 
acted  as  governor. 

But  during  these  years  the  real  leader  in  the  colony 
was  George  Durant.  The  people  had  great  confidence 
in  him.  But  his  enemies  declared  that  he  was  at  the 
head  of  the  rebels.  They  said  that  he  opposed  the 
governors  sent  over  by  the  Lords  Proprietors,  and 

^ie  had  bought  the  share  of  Lord  Clarendon. 


pulled  down  and  sot  up  whom  he  pleased  in  (heir  place. 
"Although  Jenkins  had  the  title1  of  governor,"  they 
wrote,  "yet  in  fact  Durant  governed  and  used  Jenkins 
but  as  his  property." 

Durant  drives  out  a  Wicked  Governor.  In  KJS2 
Sothel  was  released  by  the  pirates  and  arrived  in  North 
Carolina.  lie  proved  to  be  one  of  the  worst  governors 
North  Carolina  over  had.  (loorge  Durant  denounced 
him  for  his  crimes.  Then  ho  arrested  Durant  for 
treason,  threw  him  into  prison  without  a  trial,  and 
soixod  his  fine  plantation.  But  ho  could  not  keep 
Durant  in  prison.  Ho  was  soon  sot  free  because  ho 
could  not  1)0  found  guilty  of  any  crime.  Then  he  again 
headed  a  rebellion,  captured  Sothel,  and  in  turn  threw 
him  into  prison. 

Durant  then  called  upon  the  Assembly  to  decide 
what  should  be  done  with  the  wicked  governor.  The 
Assembly  decided  to  send  him  to  England  to  be  tried 
by  the  Lords  Proprietors.  But  Sothel,  afraid  for  the 
Proprietors  to  find  out  all  of  his  crimes,  bogged  to  be 
tried  by  the  Assembly.  The  Assembly  granted  his 
prayer,  found  him  guilty,  and  banished  him  from  the 
province.  Thus  for  a  second  time,  (Jeorge  Durant 
freed  Carolina  from  a  tyrant. 

*  Durant's  Last  Days.  During  the  last  years  of  his 
life  Durant  was  a  justice  of  the  peace.  Among  the 
things  that  a  justice  of  the  peace  had  to  do  was  to  find 
out  and  punish  all  persons  engaged  in  "witchcrafts, 
enchantments,  sorceries,  and  magic  arts."  Let  us  hope 
that  (ieorge  Durant  found  no  poor  old  women  to  punish 
as  witches.  He  continued  to  be  a  leader  in  the  province 
until  his  death  in  1694. 


24  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

George  Durant  was  our  first  patriot  leader  against 
tyranny.  Like  all  patriots  he  believed  in  obedience 
to  the  law  and  to  lawful  rulers.  But  he  also  believed 
in  liberty,  and  when  rulers  broke  the  law  and  oppressed 
the  people,  he  was  always  ready  to  lead  the  people  in 
rebellion.  The  colony  was  small  in  his  day,  and  his 
struggles  for  liberty  are  but  little  known  now.  Never- 
theless he  fought  the  battles  of  freedom,  and  should  be 
remembered  as  a  true  patriot. 

GEOGRAPHY   STUDY 

1.  Trace  the  course  of  the  James  River.     Point  out  the  site  of 
Jamestown. 

2.  Trace  the  course  of  the  rivers  of  eastern  Virginia  that  flow  into 
North  Carolina. 

3.  What   are   the   principal    sounds    of   North    Carolina?     What 
rivers  flow  into  them? 

4.  "Durant's  Neck"  is  the  point  of  land  between  the  Perquimans 
and  Little  rivers.     Find  it. 

5.  Describe  the  situation  of  the  counties  of  Pasquotank,  Perqui- 
mans, Chowan,  and  Currituck,  and  name  any  streams  or  bodies  of 
water  in  each. 

6.  What  is  the  general  character  of  the  coast  of  North  Carolina? 

REVIEW 

1.  When  and  where  was  the  first  permanent  English  settlement 
made  in  America?     Why  did  settlers  from  Virginia  seek  land  on  the 
banks  of  Albemarle  Sound? 

2.  Why  did  George  Durant  become  interested  in  that  region? 

3.  How  did  George  Durant  obtain  land  on  the  Albemarle? 

4.  What  did  King  Charles  do  with  that  region?     What  name  was 
then  given  it? 

/>.    Tell  the  story  of  William   Drummond. 

6.  Describe  the  government  of  Carolina.  Why  did  the  people 
like  it?  What  changes  did  the  Lords  Proprietors  make  in  it?  How 
did  the  people  like  the  changes? 


7.  I  low  ol<l  w;is  tin-  colony  then?  Now  many  people  lived  in  it'.' 
What  was  their  chief  crop?  I  low  was  il  used?  De.-cribe  their  trade. 

S.  What  two  had  laws  uere  passed  in  Ki77?  \\hat  did  the  |>eople 
say  about  those  laws? 

'.).  Why  did  the  Lords  Proprietors  select  Kll.stchlll'ch  for  ^oy- 
enior?  What  did  l)iirant  tell  them'.' 

10.  Why  did    not     Kastchurch   tio  at    once  to  ('arolina?      De.-cribe 
Miller's  conduct . 

11.  Wliat   occurred   when    Durant    arrived   in   ('arolina?      Why   did 
not    Lastchurch   become  ^ovenior? 

\'2.    Describe   the   "•oyernmcnt    after  the  death   of    Ka.-t church. 
\3.    Now  did  Durant   rescue  the  colony  from  a  wicked  governor? 
14.    Why  should   we  honor   Durant'.' 

(Jl'KSTIONS    LOU    SPF.CIAL   STl'DV 

I.  Now  many  years  passed  lietueen  tlie  hirth  of  Virginia  Dare 
and  the  settlement  of  Jamestown? 

'2.  In  what  way  has  the  geography  of  Kastern  North  ('arolina 
atTeded  our  history? 

i3.  Hy  what  ri^ht  did  the  whites  take  the  land  in  America  without 
the  consent  of  the  Indians? 

4.  In  what  ways  did  the  lioyernment  of  ('arolina  under  the  Lord 
Proprietors  resemble  our  liovernmcnt  to-day?  How  did  it  differ? 

").  \\liat  is  a  "tax"'.'  For  what  purposes  art'  taxes  usually 
collected?  \\lio  has  the  ri^ht  to  leyy  taxes  in  North  ('arolina? 

(i.  In  what  ways  did  the  Navigation  Law  injure  the  planters  of 
North  Carolina?  Now  did  it  benefit  the  Flnglish  merchants? 


CHAPTER   III 

THOMAS   POLLOCK 

^Governor  Sothel  meets  His  Match.  —  Other  men 
besides  George  Durant  suffered  from  the  tyranny  of 
Governor  Sothel.  Once,  when  two  vessels  arrived  in 
Albemarle,  Sothel  determined  to  seize  their  cargoes 
for  his  own  use.  Declaring  that  the  captains  were 
pirates,  he  arrested  and  threw  them  into  prison.  One 
of  them  died  in  prison  "of  grief  and  ill  usage."  Just 
before  his  death,  this  captain  selected  a  young  man, 
who  had  recently  come  to  the  colony,  to  take  charge 
of  his  property  for  him.  This  young  man  was  Thomas 
Pollock.  When  Pollock  demanded  the  property,  Sothel 
refused  to  give  it  up.  Pollock  threatened  to  go  to 
England  and  appeal  to  the  Lords  Proprietors.  There- 
upon Sothel  flew  into  a  rage,  arrested  the  bold  young 
man,  and  locked  him  up  in  prison.  But  he  was  soon 
released,  for  the  people,  tired  of  the  tyrant  Sothel,  rose 
against  him  and  drove  him  out  of  the  province. 

Thomas  Pollock.  Thomas  Pollock  was  born  in 
Scotland,  May  5,  1654,  and  came  to  Carolina  in  1083. 
Though  he  was  still  a  young  man,  he  already  held  a 
high  position.  He  was  the  deputy  of  Lord  Carteret, 
one  of  the  Lords  Proprietors.  Each  of  the  Lords 

Proprietors  sent  to  the  colony  a  man  to  look  after  his 
affairs  there.  These1  men  were  called  "deputies."  Next 

26 


THOMAS    I'OI.I.OCK  L>7 

to  the  governor  they  were  the  most  important  officers 
in  the  colony.  They  formed  the  Covernor's  (  'ouncil, 
and  advised  him  upon  all  important  matters.  They 
were  also  part  of  the  Assembly,  and  helped  to  pa.-s  laws 
tor  the  colony,  \\hen  the  office  of  governor  became 
vacant,  the  president  of  the  ('ouncil  filled  it  until  a  new 
governor  arrived.  Thomas  Pollock  was  twice  president 
of  the  ('ouncil,  and  twice  acted  as  governor. 

A  Colonial  Planter.  Pollock  soon  became  one  of 
the  largest  and  wealthiest  planters  in  Carolina.  In 
those  days  there  was  " 
but  little1  money  in  the 
colony.  A  man's  wealth 
was  counted  by  the 
land  and  number  of 
slaves  he  owned.  Pol- 
lock owned  plantations 
on  the  Roanoke,  the 
( 'howan,  the  Xeuse,  and 
the  Trent  rivers.  One  of  his  plantations  was  the1  site 
on  which  the  city  of  New  Bern  now  stands. 

lie  called  his  places  by  such  names  as  Springfield, 
Canecarora,  Rosefield.  Crany  Island,  and  -Balgra.  In 
all  he  owned  55. 000  acres  of  land  and  about  one  hundred 
slaves.  His  slaves  were  given  such  odd  names  as  Scipio, 
Jack  Fiddler,  Coffee  Jacko,  Long  Mingo,  Diego,  Venus, 
Tomboy,  Diana,  and  Pompey.  Most  of  them  were 
negroes,  but  a  few  were1  Indians. 

The  chief  crops  raised  on  Pollock's  plantations  were 
tobacco,  wheat,  and  corn.  Other  products  were  tar, 
pitch,  and  turpentine  which  his  slaves  made  from  the 
great  pines  that  grew  in  his  forests.  These  were  very 


28  HISTORY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA 

useful    for    ship-building,    and    brought    good   prices   in 
New  England. 

Many  fine  horses,  flocks  of  sheep,  and  herds  of  cattle 
grazed  in  his  rich  pastures.  Large  droves  of  hogs  ran 
wild  through  his  woods,  fattening  on  roots,  berries, 
acorns,  and  wild  fruit.  Each  of  these  animals  bore  a 
certain  mark  by  which  Pollock  could  tell  his  from  those 
of  his  neighbors.  A  person  found  guilty  of  changing 
another's  mark  was  severely  punished.  He  was  made 
to  pay  a  heavy  fine,  and  was  taken  to  the  whipping-post 
and  given  "forty  lashes  on  his  bare  back  well  laid  on.'' 
If  found  guilt)'  a  second  time,  he  was  made  to  stand  in 
pillory  and  branded  in  the  hand  with  the  letter  4'T" 
(thief).  Every  year  Pollock  sent  thousands  of  pounds 
of  pork  to  Virginia  and  to  Xcw  England. 

'A  Colonial  Merchant.  —  In  his  will,  Pollock  called 
himself  a  "merchant."  This  did  not  mean  that  he 
owned  a  store  as  a  merchant  now  does.  In  colonial 
days  a  merchant  was  a  man  who  owned  ships  and 
carried  on  commerce  with  distant  countries.  Pollock 
owned  a  number  of  vessels.  From  his  wharves  they 
sailed  to  the  ports  of  Xew  England  and  to  the  West 
Indies.  They  carried  away  cargoes  of  tobacco,  salt 
beef  and  pork,  tallow,  hides,  furs,  wool,  and  naval 
stores;  and  they  brought  back  rum,  salt,  sugar,  molasses, 
lumber,  and  such  household  articles  as  could  not  be 
made  on  the  plantations. 

Sometimes  Pollock  even  sent  his  ships  across  the  ocean 
to  England.  From  England  they  brought  clothes, 
furniture,  and  other  things  for  his  own  family.  But 
the  clothes  worn  by  the  slaves  and  other  servants,  and 
the  rude  furniture  in  their  little  cabins,  were  made  by 


THOMAS    1'ol.l.oCK  LMI 

his  slaves.  For  Pollock,  like  other  large  planters,  trained 
his  slave  women  to  l>e  skilful  spinners  and  weavers; 
while  among  his  slave  men  were  good  tanners,  shoe- 
makers, blacksmiths,  carpenters,  and  other  mechanics. 

Many  years  passed  before  any  sawmills  were  built 
in  Albemarle.  Kven  the  wealthiest  planters,  >\ic\\  as 
Pollock,  lived  in  log-houses:  Their  houses  were  built 
of  hewn  logs,  with  wooden  chimneys,  wooden  hinges, 
and  wooden  locks.  Indeed,  they  often  had  no  iron- 
work about  them.  But  as  Pollock  grew  wealthier,  he 
bought  lumber,  nails,  iron  hinges,  and  locks,  in  Xew 
Kngland,  and,  with  the  bricks  made  by  his  own  slaves, 
built  better  houses  on  his  plantations. 

The  Planter  at  Home.  Hospitality  was  regarded 
as  one  of  the  first  duties  of  the  colonial  planter.  Indeed, 
most  of  them  lived  rather  lonely  lives,  and  were  ever 
ready  to  welcome  guests  to  their  houses.  The  traveler 
brought  news  from  other  parts  of  the  world,  and  his 
stories  helped  the  long  evenings  pass  pleasantly.  "The 
inhabitants  of  Carolina."  wrote  one  of  these  travelers, 
''live  an  easy  and  pleasant  life.  As  the  land  is  very 
fruitful,  so  are  the  planters  hospitable  to  all  that  come 
to  visit  them."  Many  housekeepers,  he  tells  us,  "give 
away  more  provisions  to  coasters  and  guests  who  come 
to  see  them  than  they  expend  among  their  own  families." 
Pollock's  house  was  a  favorite  place1  for  travelers.  lie 
was  known  far  arid  wide  for  his  hospitality.  At  that 
time  there  were  no  schools  in  Carolina.  The  wealthy 
planters  either  had  teachers  in  their  own  families,  or 
sent  their  sons  to  Kngland  to  be  educated.  Pollock 
sent  his  sons  to  Kngland.  One  of  them  became  an 
officer  in  the  Kniilish  armv. 


30 


HISTORY  OF   NORTH  CAROLINA 


An  "Established  Church''  in  Carolina.  —  Like  many 
of  the  other  planters,  Pollock  was  a  member  of  the 
Church  of  England.  But  in  Carolina  the  people  were 
so  widely  scattered  that  it  was  very  difficult  for  them  to 
have  churches.  Several  years  passed  before  any  churches 
were  built,  or  any  preachers  came.  The  first  preachers 
in  the  colony  were  Quakers.  These  good  men  visited 

the  people  in  their  homes, 
preached  to  them,  and 
converted  many  to  their 
faith. 

But  such  men  as  Pol- 
lock thought  there  ought 
to  be  an  ''Established 
Church"  in  Carolina,  just 
as  there  was  in  England. 
An  "Established  Church" 
is  a  Church  set  up  by 
law  to  be  the  official 
Church  of  the  count ry.  The  law  provides  what  officers 
the  Church  must  have,  and  requires  everybody,  whether 
members  or  not,  to  pay  taxes  for  its  support.  Such 
Churches  are  found  in  nearly  all  the  countries  of  Europe, 
but  not  in  America.  In  England  the  "  Established 
Church"  is  called  the  "Church  of  England,"  and  it. 
is  the  same  that  we  in  America  call  the  "  Episcopal 
Church." 

It  was  this  church  that  Pollock  wished  to  have  estab- 
lished in  Carolina.  The  Quakers,  and  even  some  mem- 
bers of  the  Church  of  England,  opposed  this  plan.  But 
the  (lovernor  favored  it,  and  in  1701  the  Assembly 
passed  the  law.  By  this  law  Quakers,  as  well  as  mein- 


ST.  THOMAS  CHURCH  AT  BATH 

(The  oldest  church  in  Xorth  Carolina 

From  a  painting  by  Jacques  Busbce) 


THOMAS    I'ol.I.nrK  l}\ 

bers  of  (he  Kstablished  ( 'hurch.  were  required  to  pav 
taxes  to  build  churches  ;tud  pay  minister-.  The  l;t\v 
divided  the  colony  into  sin;ill  section-  c;illed  "parishes," 
and  provided  that  a  church  should  be  erected  in  each. 
The  o dicers  of  the  church  were  called  "vestrymen." 
In  the  parish  of  ( 'howaii  precinct.  Pollock  was  the  lead- 
ing vestryman,  and  took  an  important  part  in  building 
tin1  first  church. 

St.  Paul's  Church.  This  church  stood  near  the 
present  town  of  Kdenton.  It  was  known  as  St.  Paul's 
('hurch.  Its  length  wa-  only  twenty-five  feet.  It 
was  built  of  hewn  logs.  The  posts  were  driven  into  the 
ground.  Xails.  screws,  hinges.  glass,  and  other  material 
had  to  be  brought  from  Knglatid.  When  finished,  it 
was  hardly  more  than  a  rude  log  cabin.  Hut  the  mem- 
bers were  proud  of  their  first  church,  and  among  them 
were  the  governors,  judges,  and  other  high  officers. 
Their  first  service  was  held  in  January,  170.'-).  but  it 
was  not  until  170")  that  they  chose  a  minister.  They 
agreed  to  pay  him  a  salary  of  I'oO  a  year.  He  was 
also  to  have  some  land  and  certain  fees  by  law.  Only 
two  men  paid  as  much  as  l'.~>  annually  toward  this 
sum.  They  were  Thomas  Pollock  and  Kdward 
Moseley. 

Pollock  and  Moseley.  Pollock  and  Moseley  were 
great  rivals.  The  people  were  divided  into  two  parties, 
with  Pollock  at  the  head  of  one.  Moseley  of  the  other. 
In  170S  a  dispute  arose  in  the  province  as  to  whether 
William  (Hover  or  Thomas  Cary  was  the  lawful  governor. 
Pollock  was  on  (Hover's  side.  Moseley  on  Cary's. 

Finally  the  Lords  Proprietors  settled  the  matter  by 
sending  Kdward  Hyde  from  Kngland  to  be  governor. 


32 


HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 


Pollock  and  his  friends  welcomed  the  new  governor, 
but  Gary  rebelled  against  him.  Both  sides  took  up 
arms  and  threw  the  colony  into  great  disorder.  This 
division  led  to  a  terrible  event  in  which  Colonel  Pollock 
rendered  his  greatest  service  to  the  colon}'. 


ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH,  EDKNTOX,  X.  C..  HKGUX  ix  1730 
(Thomas  Pollock  took  an  important  part  in  building  the  first  church ) 

Bath  and  New  Bern.  -  The  first  settlements  were 
made  on  the  northern  shore  of  Albemarle  Sound.  In 
a  few  years  settlers  began  to  cross  the  sound  and 
move  southward.  In  1(590  a  few  Frenchmen  made  a 
settlement  on  Pamlico  River.  There,  too,  in  170")  was 
laid  off  the  town  of  Bath,  the  first  town  in  North  Caro- 
lina. Later  other  pioneers  crossed  the  Pamlico  River 
and  cleared  lands  on  the  Neuse  and  the  Trent.  lien1 
they  were  joined,  in  1710,  by  a  body  of  Swiss  and  (ler- 
mans  under  a  Swiss  nobleman,  Baron  Christopher  <lc 
Graffenried.  These  Swiss  and  ( Hermans  settled  on 


THOMAS    POLLOCK  .'« 

Pollock's  plantation  between  the  Neuse  and  the  Trent, 
where  they  founded  the  town  of  New   Bern. 

The  Watchful  Red  Men.  The  increase  in  the 
number  of  white  men  alarmed  the  Indians.  They  saw 
that  the  whites  were  taking  more  and  more  of  their 
land,  clearing  the  forests,  and  driving  away  the  game. 


BATH,  THE  OLDEST  TOWN  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA 
(A  stret't  scene  of  today) 

The  whites  even  captured  some  of  the  red  men  and 
sold  them  into  slavery.  The  Indians  soon  learned  to 
fear  and  hate  their  white  neighbors.  But  for  a  long 
time  they  did  not  dare  resist  them.  They  waited  pa- 
tiently, protending  to  be  very  friendly,  but  all  the  time 
watching  for  a  good  chance  to  make  an  attack.  The 
quarrel  between  Cary  and  Hyde  seemed  to  give  them 
the  very  chance  they  had  boon  waiting  for. 

A  Terrible  Morning.  -  The  leader  of  the  Indians 
was  Chief  Hancock.  When  ho  saw  the  whites  fighting 
among  themselves,  during  Cary's  Rebellion,  he  decided 


34  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

that  it  was  a  good  time  for  the  Indians  to  strike  a  blow 
that  would  destroy  the  colony.  He  appointed  the  morn- 
ing of  September  22,  1711,  as  the  time  for  the  attack. 
His  plans  were  kept  so  secret  that  the  whites  did  not 
dream  of  their  danger. 

They  slept  peacefully  through  the  night.  At  day- 
break the  war-whoops  of  the  savages  aroused  them  from 
sleep.  Five  hundred  painted  warriors  poured  out  of 
the  woods  on  every  side.  Within  two  hours  they  had 
slain  130  settlers  on  the  Xeuse,  and  burned  their  homes 
to  the  ground.  Men,  women,  and  children  fell  beneath 
their  tomahawks.  For  three  days  the  burning  and 
slaying  went  on.  All  along  the  Pamlico  and  the  Xeuse 
there  were  scenes  of  blood  and  ashes  and  ruin. 

South  Carolina  sends  Help.  —  Governor  Hyde  did 
his  best  to  stop  the  awful  work.  He  called  upon  Vir- 
ginia and  South  Carolina  for  help.  South  Carolina 
sent  an  army  under  Colonel  John  Barnwell.  Barnwell 
defeated  the  Indians  in  two  great  battles,  but  was  him- 
self defeated  in  the  third.  Then  he  and  the  Indians 
agreed  to  a  treaty  of  peace,  and  Barnwell  returned  to 
South  Carolina.  But  neither  side  kept  the  treaty.  In 
a  little  while  the  war  broke  out  again.  In  the  midst 
of  the  war,  Governor  Hyde  died,  and  the  people  turned 
to  Pollock  to  save  the  colony. 

Pollock  becomes  Governor.  --  Pollock  was  chosen 
president  of  the  Council  and  acted  as  governor.  In 
times  of  peace  he  had  refused  to  act  as  governor.  But 
now,  in  a  time  of  danger  and  trouble1,  he  thought  it  his 
duty  to  serve  the  people  in  any  way  they  wished.  lie 
had  to  meet  many  trials  and  dangers.  A  number  of 
the?  people  had  been  killed.  Others  were  without  homes, 


THOMAS    I'OI.IJH'K  :•;.") 

clothes,  or  food.  Arms  and  ammunition  were  scarce1, 
and  there  was  no  money  to  pay  soldiers. 

Hut  Pollock  did  not  stop  to  complain  about  his  diffi- 
culties. He  sent  messengers  into  Virginia  and  South 
Carolina,  to  seek  help,  lie  appealed  to  the  people  of 
the  province  to  forget  their  quarrels  and  unite  to  defend 
their  homos.  Many,  who  had  opposed  (lovernor  Hyde, 
now  came  to  Pollock's  support.  Even  the  Quakers, 
who  thought  it  sinful  to  take  part  in  war,  sent  food  and 
supplies  for  the  soldiers. 

The  Treaty  with  "King  Blunt."  Not  only  did 
Pollock  unite  the  whites;  lie  also  divided  the  Indians. 
One  powerful  chief,  called  Tom  Hlunt,  had  not  taken 
any  part  in  the  war.  Pollock  mack'  an  important  treaty 
with  him.  Hy  this  treaty  Blunt  was  to  he  called  "  King 
Blunt,"  and  was  to  he  regarded  as  the  head  of  the  Caro- 
lina Indians.  In  return  he  promised  to  help  the  whites 
against  Hancock.  In  this  way  Pollock  obtained  valu- 
able aid,  for  "King  Blunt"  and  his  warriors  were  faith- 
ful to  their  promises. 

Soon  after  this  treaty  was  made,  Colonel  James  Moore, 
of  South  Carolina,  marched  an  army  to  the  help  of 
North  Carolina.  lie  was  joined  by  the  soldiers  whom 
Pollock  had  raised.  In  March,  1713,  they  attacked 
Hancock's  fort,  Xohoroco,  on  Contentnea  Creek.  The 
battle  lasted  three  days  and  Hancock  was  badly  beaten. 
He  lost  eight  hundred  of  his  bravest  warriors.  After  this 
terrible  defeat,  the  rest  of  his  tribe  left  North  Carolina 
and  joined  their  kinsmen  in  New  York.  Never  again 
were  the  Indians  in  Eastern  North  Carolina  strong 
enough  to  destroy  the  white  settlers. 

Pollock    establishes    Peace.        The    people    had    now 


36  HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

become  tired  of  wars  and  quarrels.  Pollock  sought 
earnestly  to  unite  all  parties.  "Factions  and  parties 
are  no  longer  heard  of,"  wrote  an  English  clergyman, 
who  was  in  Carolina.  ''Thanks  be  to  God,"  wrote 
another,  "we  have  no  disturbance  among  ourselves. 
All  people's  hearts  unite  and  everybody  is  as  happy  as 
the  times  will  admit  of,  under  the  wise  rule  of  our  good 
President."  When  the  new  governor,  Charles  Eden, 
arrived  in  May,  1714,  he  found  all  "in  peace  and  quiet- 
ness." 

Death  of  Colonel  Pollock.  — -  Charles  Eden  was  gov- 
ernor of  North  Carolina  from  1714  to  1722.  During 
these  years  Pollock  was  a  member  of  the  Council. 
When  Eden  died,  in  1722,  Pollock  was  again  elected 
president,  and  again  acted  as  governor.  He  died  in 
office,  August  30,  1722. 

GEOGRAPHY   STUDY 

1.  Where  is  Scotland? 

2.  Trace  the  course  of  the  Roanoke  River.     The  Chowan.     The 
Neuse.     The  Trent.     The  Pamlico.     Is  this  last   river  called  by  the 
same  name  throughout  its  entire  length?     Trace  the  course  of  Con- 
tent nea  ( 'reek. 

3.  Describe  the  situation  of  New  Pern.     Of  Edenton.     Of  Hath. 

REVIEW 

1.  Where  was  Thomas  Pollock  born'.'     Why  did  he  come  to  Caro- 
lina?     How  was  he  treated  by  Governor  Sothel? 

2.  Describe  a  colonial   plantation. 
Describe  a  colonial  merchant. 
Describe  the  colonial   planter  at    home. 

.">.    What    was    an    "  Established  Church "?     What    Church    was 
established   in   Carolina?     Whv? 


THOMAS    POLLOCK  .'^7 

li.  Where  \v;is  (he  lirst  cinireli  Imilt  in  Carolina'.'  What  was  its 
name'.'  1  )escribe  il . 

7.    Tell    the   story    of   the    founding   of    \e\v    P>eni. 
S.    How  <li<l  the  Indians  retire!  the  increase  in  the  white  popula- 
tion?     What   plans  did  they  make?     Who  was  their  leader? 
!).     Describe   the    beginning   of   the   war. 

10.    What   help  did  North  Carolina  receive  in  this  war  from  other 
colonies? 

1  1.    Why  did  Pollock  become  governor?     What  were  the  conditions 
in  the  colony  then?     What  did  he  do  to  make  them  better? 
!'_'.    Tell   how   he  divided   the   Indians. 

l.'i.    How  was  the  war  brought   to  an  end?     What   became  of  the 
Indians? 

14.    What  were  the  results  of  Pollock's  work  as  governor? 

QTKSTIOXS    FOR    SPFCIAL   STUDY 

1.    What    is   the   meaning   «,f   the   word    "deputy"  ? 

'_'.  How  are  pitch  and  tar  made?  For  what  purposes  are  they 
used  in  ship-building? 

.'•>.  Why  was  hospitality  to  travelers  regarded  as  the  special 
duty  of  the  planters  in  the  South? 

4.  Why    did    De    ( Iral'fenried's    colonists   name    their   town    New 
Hern? 

f).  Why  would  not  the  Quakers  bear  arms  in  the  Indian  war?  (See 
St.  Matthew  o:  21-L_Y>.) 

I).  For  whom  was  the  town  of  Kdentori  named?  What  is  the 
meaning  of  the  suffix  "ton"  ? 

7.  Why  did  the  planters  usually  select  their  lands  on  a  stream 
or  a  sound'.' 

5.  Were  the  early  towns  usually  founded  on  the  banks  of  streams 
or  not?     Give  some  illustrations. 


CHAPTER    IV 

EDWARD    MOSELEY 

»  . 

The  Rivals.  --  For  many  years  the  two  leading  men 

in  North  Carolina  were  Thomas  Pollock  and  Edward 
Moseley.  Each  was  wealthy,  each  was  ambitions, 
each  was  patriotic;  and  each  wished  to  be  the  leader 
in  the  province.  So  in  public  affairs  they  were  generally 
opposed  to  each  other.  First  one,  then  the  other  would 
get  the  upper  hand.  But  after  Pollock's  death,  no  one 
was  left  to  dispute  the  leadership  with  Moseley,  and  he 
became  without  a  rival  the  leader  of  the  people. 

Edward  Moseley.  —  Moseley  came  to  Xorth  Caro- 
lina about  the  year  1704.  He  made  his  home  in  Chowan 
County  but  also  owned  large  plantations  in  Chowan, 
Xew  Hanover,  Tyrrell,  Edgecombe,  and  Craven  counties. 
Altogether  his  plantations  contained  more  than  thirty- 
five  thousand  acres,  and  he  was  the  master  of  a  hun- 
dred slaves.  His  herds  of  cattle,  his  flocks  of  sheep, 
his  droves  of  hogs  were  as  huge  and  as  fine  as  Colonel 
Pollock's.  Xo  man  in  Carolina  had  finer  or  better 
horses  than  Moseley;  and  his  wife  could  boast  of  as 
handsome  silver  tea  kettles,  silver  coffee-pots, 
knives,  forks,  spoons,  tankards,  casters,  and 
furniture  as  any  housekeeper  in  the  colony. 

Moseley  was  a  well  educated  man.      Perhaps  no  other 
man  of  his  day  did  so  much  as  he  for  education  in  the 

3S 


I".l>\Y.\i:i>    MOSKLKY 


colony.  In  his  will  he  says,  "I  would  have  my  children 
we'll  educated,"  and  left  a  sum  of  money  for  that  pur- 
pose. He1  owned  the  largest  and  best  library  in  North 
Carolina.  His  will  mentioned  nearly  four  hundred 
books  then  in  his  library,  and  before  his  death  he  had 
given  away  a  largo  num- 
ber, lie  sent  money  to 
England  for  the  purchase 
of  a  communion  service, 
prayer  books,  and  other 
religious  works  for  St. 
Paul's  Church.  Three 
years  later  he  established 
at  Edonton  a  public  library 
worth  more  than  I' 100. 
The  books  in  this  library 
were  mostly  written  in 
Latin,  (Iroek,  and  Hebrew. 
.  •  M oseley's  Political 
Career.  —  Moseloy  began 
to  take  part  in  public 
affairs  about  1705.  Dur- 

,1  p 

ing     the     next    forty     years 

lio     \vn«      r>J-in<rm      ir\     n--nr\- 
110     \\as     cnosen     to     C>01} 

public  office  to  which  the 

people  could  elect  him.  From  being  a  simple  justice 
of  the  peace,  he  rose  to  be  chief  justice  of  the  prov- 
ince. Year  after  year  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Assembly,  and  was  four  times  chosen  speaker. 
Like  Pollock  he  was  a  vestryman  of  the  Established 
Church,  but  he  believed  in  religious  freedom,  and 
thought  that  every  man  ought  to  be  permitted  to 


SILVER     SERVICE     PRESENTED    TO    ST. 
PAUL'S  CHUHCH  ix  17_'.~)  UY  EDWAKU 

MOSELEY 


40 


HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


worship  God  according  to  his  own  belief.  He  was  also 
a  member  of  the  Governor's  Gouncil,  and  in  1724, 
for  a  short  time,  acted  as  governor. 

Moseley  Comes  to  the  Front.  —  It  was  in  1708, 
during  the  dispute  between  Glover  and  Gary,  that 
Moseley  came  to  the  front  as  Pollock's  rival.  That 


I IV :D   FOUR  Pi'Wii':^ 

•".  ///,  >W  /^V»  .  .v 

6# 


KW 

-/.*'  <* 

r^' 


COLONIAL  CUKHKNCY  SHOWIXC;  MOSKLKY'S  SK.XATUHK 

dispute  grew  out  of  a  law  passed  in  England.  This 
law  required  every  official  in  the  colony  to  take  an  oath 
to  be  true  and  loyal  to  Queen  Anne.  Such  an  oath  is 
called  the  ''Oath  of  allegiance.''  In  Xorth  Garolina 
there  were  thousands  of  Quakers  who  would  not  take1 
that  oath.  They  were  not  opposed  to  Queen  Anne, 
but  they  thought  it  sinful  to  take  any  oath  at  all.  Be- 
fore 1704  they  had  always  been  permitted  simply  to 
give  their  promise  in  place  of  the  oath. 

But  when  the  Assembly  met  in  1704,  Governor  Daniel 
said  that  the  Quaker  members,  like  all  the  other  members, 
must  take  the  oath  of  allegiance.  They  refused.  Then 
the  Governor  declared  thev  should  not  sit  in  the  As- 


MOSKLKY  '11 

semblv.  The  Quakers  appealed  to  the  Lords  Proprietors. 
Moseley,  though  not  a  Quaker,  took  their  side.  The 
Lords  Proprietors  removed  Daniel  and  put  Thomas 
Cary  in  his  place.  Hut  Cary,  too,  declared  that  the 
Quakers  must  obey  the  law.  The  Quaker  party  then 
sent  John  Porter  to  England  to  appeal  again  to  the 
Lords  Proprietors.  Porter  was  successful.  Cary  was 
removed  and  William  (Hover  put  in  his  place.  But 
this  only  mack1  matters  worse,  for  (Hover  also  required 
them  to  take  the  hateful  oath.  In  great  anger,  the 
Quaker  party  again  turned  to  Cary,  and  again  set  him 
up  as  governor. 

But  (Hover  refused  to  give  up  and  Cary  refused  to 
back  down.  Kach  claimed  to  be  the  only  lawful  gov- 
ernor. For  a  time  it  looked  as  if  there  might  be  a  war 
about  the  matter.  The  people  divided  into  two  parties 
over  it.  Most  of  those  who  favored  an  Established 
Church  supported  (Hover.  Pollock  was  their  leader. 
Those  who  opposed  an  Established  Church,  as  well  as 
some  who  favored  it ,  supported  Cary.  Their  leader 
was  Edward  Moseley. 

In  170S  the  two  parties  agreed  to  let  the  Assembly 
decide  the  dispute.  An  election  was  held,  and  both 
sides  worked  liked  beavers.  When  the  Assembly  met, 
it  was  found  that  Moseley  had  led  his  party  to  victory. 
Lie  was  at  once  chosen  speaker.  The  Assembly  then 
decided  in  favor  of  Cary.  Pollock  and  (Hover,  fearing 
that  their  lives  were  in  danger,  fled  to  Virginia.  For 
the  next  two  years  Moseley  and  Cary  ruled  without 
opposition. 

A  New  Governor.  —  But  in  1710  the  Lords  Proprietors 
sent  Edward  Hvde  to  be  governor  of  North  Carolina. 


42  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

Hyde  was  a  cousin  of  Queen  Anne,  and  on  that  account 
the  people  looked  up  to  him  with  "awful  respect.'7  So 
he  was  welcomed  by  all  parties.  Cary  and  Moseley 
promised  to  receive  him  as  governor,  and  Pollock  re- 
turned from  Virginia. 

For  a  while  all  went  well.  But  soon  Hyde  began  to 
take  Pollock's  side  against  Moselcy.  He  then  made 
up  his  mind  to  punish  Moseley  and  Cary.  Aloseley 
was  arrested  on  a  false  charge.  Then  he  and  Cary 
flew  to  arms.  But  the  governor  of  Virginia  sent  aid 
to  Governor  Hyde.  Cary  fled  from  the  province,  and 
the  rebellion  came  to  an  end.  About  the  same  time  war 
broke  out  with  the  Indians,  and  the  whites  saw  that  they 
must  stop  their  own  quarrel  to  unite  against  the  red  men. 

Moseley  Takes  a  Stand  for  Liberty.  --  No  man 
hated  tyranny  or  loved  liberty  more  than  Moseley. 
He  thought  that  the  people  ought  to  obey  the  laws  and 
respect  their  rulers;  but  he  also  thought  that  the  rulers 
themselves  ought  to  obey  the  laws.  The  law  of  England 
declared  that  the  rulers  should  not  take  the  property 
of  the  people  for  any  purpose  without  their  consent. 
Moseley  believed  that  this  should  also  be  law  in  North 
Carolina. 

During  the  war  with  the  Indians  the  colonial  rulers 
seized  the  property  of  the  people  for  the  public  service 
without  their  consent.  They  declared  that  it  was 
necessary  to  do  so  in  order  to  save  the  colony.  But 
Mosclcy  stood  up  boldly  against  such  conduct.  When 
the  Assembly  met  in  171")  he  was  speaker,  and  he  per- 
suaded the  members  to  declare  such  acts  to  be  unlawful 
and  against  the  rights  and  liberty  of  the  people.  Fifty 
vears  later,  when  (Ireat  Britain  tried  to  tax  the  Ameri- 


•4:* 


cans    \vitliou(     their    consent,    all     the    colonies    echoed 
Moseley's  bold  words. 

Moseley  Defies  the  Governor.  For  several  years 
the  rivers  and  sounds  of  North  Carolina  had  been  a 
favorite  place  for  pirates.  Many  of  these  daring 
robbers  brought  their  ves- 
sels into  Albemarle  and 
Painlico  sounds  and  into 
Capo  Fear  river.  They 
captured  hundreds  of  trad- 
ing vessels,  plundered  their 
cargoes,  and  murdered 
their  crews.  The  most 
famous  of  those  savage 
men  was  Edward  Teach, 
whose  bushy,  black 
whiskers  gave  him  the  nick- 
name of  "Blackboard.'' 
"Blackboard"  made  his 
headquarters  at  Bath,  and 
was  the  terror  of  the  coun- 
try. The  people  we're  anx- 
ious to  have  him  Captured  "  BLACKUEAKO  " 

and  punished,    but    the  governor,  Charles  F]den,  would 
not  raise  his  hand  against  "Blackboard." 

After  a  while  people  began  to  whisper  that  the 
Governor  had  been  bribed  by  the  pirate.  It  was  said, 
too,  that  oven  the  chief  justice,  Tobias  Knight,  was 
getting  a  share  of  the  pirate's  plunder.  \Vhen  Mose- 
ley demanded  that  he  be  permitted  to  see  the  public 
records,  to  find  out  if  then1  was  anything  about 
''Blackboard"  in  them,  Kden  and  Knight  refused. 


44  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

"Why,"  exclaimed  Moseley,  "the  public  records  belong 
to  the  people,  and  every  man  has  a  right  to  see  them." 

So  he  made  up  his  mind  to  defy  the  Governor.  Break- 
ing into  Knight's  house,  he  seized  the  records  in  spite 
of  the  Governor  and  the  Chief  Justice.  The  Governor 
at  once  sent  a  band  of  armed  men  to  arrest  him.  "It 
seems  easy  enough,"  exclaimed  Moseley,  "for  the 
Governor  to  raise  armed  men  to  arrest  me,  but  he 
would  not  raise  them  to  arrest  the  pirate."  Moseley 
was  carried  before  the  court  and  found  guilty  of  break- 
ing into  Knight's  house.  He  was  fined  £100  and  for- 
bidden to  hold  office  for  three  years. 

Moseley  never  proved  that  the  Governor  or  the  Chief 
Justice  was  bribed  by  "Blackboard."  But  Governor 
Eden  would  never  do  anything  to  capture  the  pirate. 
In  1718  Lieutenant  Maynard,  an  officer  of  the  British 
navy,  sailed  in  an  armed  vessel  against  Teach.  A  fierce 
battle  was  fought,  and  Teach  was  beaten  and  killed. 

An  Old  Quarrel  with  Virginia.  --  Lying  between 
North  Carolina  and  Virginia  was  a  strip  of  land  about 
fifteen  miles  wide  which  both  colonies  claimed.  "Hun- 
dreds of  families"  had  settled  in  it,  and  they  would  not 
obey  the  laws  of  either  colony.  When  the  Virginia, 
officers  tried  to  enforce  the  law  against  them,  they 
would  say,  "We  are  in  North  Carolina."  When  the 
North  Carolina  officers  came,  they  would  say,  "We  are 
in  Virginia."  They  would  not  pay  taxes  or  rent  to 
either  colony.  So  it  was  very  important  to  decide 
which  colony  they  were  really  in. 

In  170')  the  two  colonies  appointed  certain  men, 
called  "commissioners,"  to  run  the  boundary  line 
between  them  and  so  settle  the  dispute.  Edward 


KDWARI)    MOSKLKY  4.~) 

Moseley  was  North  Carolina's  chief  commissioner. 
When  he  met  the  Virginians,  in  1710,  he  told  them  that 
their  surveying  instruments  were  wrong.  How  angry 
this  made  the  haughty  Virginians!  They  were  so 
indignant  that  they  marched  off  to  their  homes;  mutter- 
ing many  ugly  things  about  the  stupid  Carolinians. 
Hut  it  was  not  the  Carolinians  who  were  stupid  that 
time,  for  afterward  it  turned  out  that  Moseley  was 
exactly  right. 

The  King  Interferes.  —  For  many  years  the  Vir- 
ginians would  have  nothing  more  to  do  with  the  boundary 
line.  But  in  172S  the  King  bought  North  Carolina 
from  the  Lords  Proprietors.  He  then  sent  an  order 
to  the  two  colonies  that  they  must  settle  their  "dispute. 
Again  Moseley  was  the  principal  commissioner  from- 
North  Carolina.  The  chief  Virginia  commissioner  was 
the  proud  and  witty  William  Hyrd. 

How  the  Dispute  was  Settled.  --  The  Virginians 
prepared  to  come  with  great  pomp  and  ceremony. 
They  wrote  to  Moseley  and  his  companions  that,  for 
the  honor  of  their  province,  they  would  bring  fine  tents 
and  a  long  train  of  servants.  "We  shall  also  have," 
they  said,  "as  much  wine  and  rum  as  will  enable  us  and 
our  men  to  drink  every  night  to  the  good  success  of  the 
following  day."  They  hoped  the  North  Carolinians 
would  meet  them  with  the  same  pomp  and  ceremony. 
But  Moseley  and  his  companions  were  going  for  work, 
not  for  play.  So  they  replied  that  they  had  no  wish 
to  outdo  the  Virginians  "unless  in  care  and  diligence 
in  the  affairs  we  come  to  meet  you  about." 

The  commissioners  and  surveyors  had  a  hard  task. 
Thev  had  to  cut  their  way  through  dense  forests  and 


46  HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

wade  through  swamps  and  deep  rivers.  The  surveyors 
who  ran  the  line  were  the  first  white  men  who  ever  found 
their  way  through  the  Great  Dismal  Swamp.  Many 
disputes  arose  as  to  where  the  line  ought  to  be  run. 
But  after  several  weeks  of  hard  work  an  agreement 
was  reached.  The  disputed  territory  was  found  to  be 
in  North  Carolina.  In  nearly  every  dispute  Moseley 
was  right.  Byrd  was  so  angry  that  he  wrote  a  spiteful 
book  about  the  boundary  line,  in  which  he  said  many 
silly  and  untruthful  things  about  North  Carolina. 

Moseley  Moves  to  the  Cape  Fear.  —  A  few  years 
later  Moseley  left  Chowan  County,  and  moved  to  the 
new  settlements  on  the  Cape  Fear  River.  The  first 
settlers  in  Carolina,  as  we  have  seen,  built  their  homes 
on  Albemarle  Sound.  After  that  they  pushed  farther 
and  farther  southward.  In  1690  some  French  Hugue- 
nots settled  on  Pamlico  River.  Then,  in  1710,  the 
Swiss  and  Germans  came  and  settled  on  Neuse  River, 
where  they  founded  the  town  of  New  Bern. 

But  several  years  more  passed  before  any  white  men 
built  homes  on  the  Cape  Fear.  The  Indians  and  pirates 
stood  in  the  way.  But  after  they  were  defeated,  settlers 
began  to  clear  the  fertile  lands  on  the  banks  of  the 
("ape  Fear  and  its  tributaries.  The  first  ones  moved 
there  about  172.3.  Two  years  later  the  old  town  of 
Brunswick  was  laid  off,  and  then,  after  a  few  years, 
Wilmington  was  founded. 

One  of  the  leaders  in  the  settlement  of  the  ('ape  Fear 
region  was  Kdward  Moseley.  lie  became  the  owner 
of  several  plantations  in  that  section,  as  well  as  houses 
and  lots  in  Wilmington.  In  17.34  he  moved  to  his 
place  at  Rocky  Point,  where  he  mack1  his  home  for  the 


KI)\V.\m>    MOSF.I.KY 


47 


rest    of    his    life.      His    residence    there    was    known    as 
"Moseley    Hall." 

Famous  Homes  on  the  Cape  Fear. ----- Kvery  planta- 
tion in  colonial  days  had  a  name.  Some  of  those  on 
the  Capo  Fear  have  become  famous  in  our  history. 
Near  Brunswick 
was  Orton,  the 
home  of  Roger 
Moore,  who  was 
called,  on  account 
of  his  g r  e  a t 
wealth,"  Old  King 
Roger."  A  trav- 
eler, who  visited 
him  in  1784,  said 
that  "King 
Roger"  was  "the 
chief  gentleman  in  all  Cape  Fear.  His  house  is  built 
of  brick,  and  is  exceedingly  pleasantly  situated  about 
two  miles  from  the  town,  and  about  half  a  mile  from 
the  river." 

Near  Orton  was  Kcndal,  the  home  of  "King 
Roger's"  son,  George  Moore,  who  had  twenty-eight 
children;  and  Lilliput,  which  was  "a  beautiful  brick 
house,"  the  home  of  Kleazar  Allen,  chief  justice  of  the 
colony.  Near  Moseley  Hall,  on  the  North  East  Cape 
Fear,  were  several  fine  places.  There1  was  Lillington 
Hall,  where  Alexander  Lillington,  a  famous  patriot  of 
the  Revolution,  lived.  Across  the  river  was  Governor 
Burlington's  place,  called  Stag  Park.  Nearby  were 
The  Neck,  the  home1  of  Samuel  Ashe  who  became 
governor  of  North  Carolina,  and  Green  Hill,  the 


"OKTON,"  AS  IT  is  TO-DAY 


48  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

home  of  his  brother,  John  Ashe,  the  famous  soldier  of 
the  Revolution. 

"The  finest  place  in  all  Cape  Fear,"  said  the  English 
traveler,  was  Rocky  Point,  the  home  of  Maurice  Moore, 
who  was  Edward  Moselcy's  brother-in-law.  Not  far 
away  was  Castle  Haynes,  where  lived  Colonel  Hugh 
Waddell,  a  famous  soldier  of  the  French  and  Indian 
War.  Close  by  lived  John  Burgwyn,  treasurer  of  the 
colony,  at  his  home  called  The  Eermitage. 

Most  of  these  houses  were  built  of  wood,  but  a  few 
were  of  brick.  Usually  they  had  only  one  story,  and 
were  spread  out  over  a  large  space.  The  rooms  were 
large  and  spacious,  the  halls  and  piazzas  were  wide. 
In  each  room  was  a  huge  fireplace  high  enough  for  a 
man  to  stand  erect  in  and  wide  enough  to  hold  a  long 
log.  It  was  great  fun  in  winter,  during  the  long  eve- 
nings, for  the  family  to  build  a  roaring  fire,  and,  drawing 
their  chairs  in  front  of  it,  to  roast  apples,  pop  corn,  and 
pull  candy,  or  perhaps  to  tell  tales,  or  play  games,  or 
read  aloud  to  each  other.  Most  of  these  houses  stood 
in  the  midst  of  large  groves,  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers. 
If  you  had  visited  one  of  them  in  1734,  you  would  not 
have  traveled  in  a  carriage,  or  even  on  horseback; 
and  probably  you  would  have  found  no  horses  or  car- 
riages at  the  front  gate.  But  you  would  have  seen 
sloops,  or  schooners,  or  brigantincs  tied  at  the  wharf 
for  most  of  the  traveling  and  trading  was  done  in  boats. 

Moseley's  Last  Service  to  the  Colony.  It  was  in 
this  section  among  such  neighbors  that  Moseley  passed 
the  last  years  of  his  life.  lie  continued  to  serve  the 
people  and  did  much  important  work  for  the  colony. 
In  1737  IK^  prepared  a  map  of  North  Carolina.  He 


KDWARD   MOSELKY  -11) 

was   appointed  chief   justice  in    17-1-1,   and   served   until 
his   death. 

His  last  important  work  was  to  help  collect  and  revise 
the  laws  of  the  province.  So  many  laws  had  been 
passed,  so  many  had  been  repealed,  and  they  were  so  badly 
scattered,  that  it  was  difficult  for  one  to  tell  what  the 
law  was.  In  17-4C),  a  commit  tee  was  selected  to  gather 
the  laws  together,  to  find  out  which  ones  were  still  in 
force,  and  to  have  them  printed  in  a  single  volume. 
Moselcy  was  at  the  head  of  this  committee.  The  work 
was  completed  before  his  death,  but  was  not  printed 
until  afterwards. 

Moseley  died  July  11,  1749.  Throughout  his  life  he 
was  a  bold  and  earnest  champion  of  liberty.  In  times 
,of  trouble  and  danger,  he  was  a  wise  and  fearless  leader. 
The  people  trusted  him,  and  he  did  not  abuse  their 
trust.  Wherever  Edward  Moseley  led,  they  were  ever 
ready  to  follow. 

C.KOGRAPIIY   STUDY 

1.  Describe  the  situation    of    the  following    counties:    Chowan, 
Xew   Hanover,  Tyrrell,   Edgecombo,   Craven.     Name  and  trace  the 
principal  rivers  and  streams  of  each. 

2.  Why  did  the  rivers  and  sounds  of   Xorth   Carolina  afford  a 
good  refuge  for  the  pirates? 

3.  Describe   the   situation    of   the    Dismal    Swamp.     What    body 
of  water  is  in  it?     Can  you  guess  the  origin  of  the  name  of  this  lakr? 

4.  Trace  the  boundary  line  between  North  Carolina  and  Virginia 
a  hundred  miles  from  the  coast.     What  streams  does  it  cross?     What 
counties  in  each  State  border  on  it? 

f>.  Trace  the  course  of  the  Cape  Fear  river  and  its  chief  tribu- 
taries. How  did  the  river  get  its  name? 

(i.  Locate  the  city  of  Wilmington.  Sixteen  miles  below  Wil- 
mington, on  the  west  bank  of  the  river,  was  the  old  town  of  Bruns- 
wick. Mark  the  site  on  your  map. 


50  HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

REVIEW 

Tell  about: 

1.  Moseley 's  wealth. 

2.  His  interest  in  education. 

3.  What  he  thought  about  an  Established  Church. 

4.  How  he  came  to  the  front  in  the  affairs  of  the  colony. 

5.  How  he  was  treated  by  Governor  Hyde. 

6.  What  he  thought  about  rulers  taking  the  people's  property 
without   their   consent. 

7.  Moseley  and  "Blackboard." 

8.  Running    the    boundary    line    between    North    Carolina    and 
Virginia. 

9.  The  settlement  of  the  Cape  Fear  region. 

10.  Famous  colonial  places  on  the  Cape  Fear. 

11.  Moseley's  last  public  services. 

QUESTIONS   FOR   SPECIAL   STUDY 

1.  What  were  the  duties  of  the  speaker  of  the  Assembly? 

2.  Do  members  of  the  Assembly   and    other  officials   in   North 
Carolina  to-day  have  to  take  any  oath  when  they  enter  upon  their 
duties?     What   do   they   have  to   promise? 

3.  Why  were  the  Quakers  opposed  to  taking  an  oath?     See  St. 
Matthew  5:  33-37. 

4.  What  King  of  England  bought  Carolina  from  the  Lords  Pro- 
prietors? 

5.  Who  were  the  Huguenots?     What  four  different  nationalities 
settled  in  Eastern  North  Carolina?     Tell  in  what  section  each  settled. 
Do  the  names  of  the  towns  help  in  any  way  to  locate   their  settle- 
ments?    How? 

0.  How  long  had  Moseley  been  in  North  Carolina  at  his  death? 
Name  the  public  offices  that  he  held,  and  tell  the  principal  duties  of 
each. 


CHAPTER    V 

IirCJII    WADDKLL 

c^fengland  and  France  at  War.  -From  1750  to  1703, 
England  and  Franco  were  at  war  with  each  other  both 
in  Europe  and  in  America.  In  European  history  this 
war  is  known  as  the  Seven  Years'  War;  in  American 
history  we  call  it  the  French  and  Indian  War.  One 
of  its  causes  was  a  dispute  over  territory  in  Amer- 
ica. Both  nations  claimed  the  territory  lying  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  north  of  the  Ohio 
River.  In  1753,  the  French  sent  soldiers  to  build  forts 
along  the  Ohio  and  hold  that  region  for  France.  The 
governor  of  Virginia  commanded  the  French  to  with- 
draw from  British  territory.  The  French  refused. 
Virginia  then  called  on  the  other  English  colonies  to 
help  her  drive  the  French  away.  The  war  that  followed 
was  to  decide  whether  the  French  or  the  English  were  to 
control  the  North  American  continent. 

Hugh  Waddell.  —  In  this  war  North  Carolina  soldiers 
fought  under  the  banner  of  the  king  of  England.  One 
of  her  soldiers  became  noted  for  his  courage  and  abil- 
ity. This  man  was  a  young  Irishman  who  was  only 
nineteen  years  old  when  the  war  began.  His  name  was 
Hugh  Waddell.  He  was  born  in  Ireland,  in  1737,  and 
had  been  in  North  Carolina  but  a  short  time  when  th" 
war  broke  out.  His  father's  name  was  also  Hugh  Wad- 

51 


52 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


HUGH    WADDELL 


dell.  His  ancestors  were  natives  of  Scotland  who  had 
settled  in  the  northern  part  of  Ireland.  Hugh  Waddell, 
therefore,  came  from  that  race  of  people  whom  we  call 
Scotch-Irish.  They  were  noted  for  their  love  of  liberty, 
of  learning,  and  of  religion. 
J-Waddell  comes  to  North  Carolina. 
-In  1742,  the  elder  Hugh  Waddell 
killed  a  man  in  a  duel,  and  fled  to 
America.  He  brought  his  son  with 
him.  They  went  to  Boston,  where 
the  boy  was  sent  to  school.  After  a 
few  years,  the  elder  Waddell  thought 
that  he  could  safely  return  to  Ireland. 
Upon  his  arrival  there,  he  found  that 
during  his  absence  all  of  his  property  had  been  taken 
from  him;  and  when  he  died  a  little  later,  he  left  his 
son  alone  in  the  world,  without  any  estate. 

But  young  Waddell  did  not  despair  at  this  misfortune. 
He  promptly  made  up  his  mind  to  seek  a  new  fortune  in 
America.  In  1753,  one  of  his  father's  Irish  friends, 
Arthur  Dobbs,  was  appointed  governor  of  North 
Carolina.  This  event  probably  caused  young  Waddell 
to  select  North  Carolina  as  his  future  home,  lie 
arrived  in  the  colony  about  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1754. 

"Captain  Waddell."  -Soon  after  his  arrival,  the 
Assembly  voted  to  raise  a  regiment  of  450  soldiers  to 
serve  against  the  French.  Colonel  James  limes  was 
appointed  commander  of  these  troops.  Hugh  Waddell 
was  selected  as  one  of  his  lieutenants.  They  were  sent, 
to  Virginia  to  serve  against  the  French  and  Indians. 
While  on  duty  in  Virginia,  Lieutenant  Waddell  was  such 


IiniH    VVADDKLL  Xl 

an  active  and  intelligent  officer,  that  lie  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  captain. 

On  the  Western  Frontier  of  North  Carolina. 
Because  of  his  ability,  Waddell  was  soon  given  an 
important  command  on  the  western  frontier  of  North 
Carolina.  His  duties  there  were  to  keep  a  sharp  watch 
on  the  Indians,  and  to  protect  the  inhabitants  from 
their  attacks.  The  two  most  powerful  tribes  were  the 
Cherokee  and  Catawba.  Both  the  English  and  the 
French  were  anxious  to  secure  their  aid. 

In  17f>5,  the  North  Carolina  Assembly  voted  €10,000 
for  a  fort  on  the  frontier.  At  the  same  time,  it  was 
provided  that  three  companies  of  soldiers  should  be 
raised  for  a  garrison.  Governor  Dobbs  selected  Captain 
Waddell  to  build  the  fort  and  take  command  of  the  garri- 
son, lie  was  told  to  win  the  Indians  to  the  side  of  the 
English  and  to  make  a  treaty  with  them. 

Fort  Dobbs.  --  This  was  a  very  important  duty  to 
place  on  so  young  a  man.  But  the  young  captain  was 
ambitious,  and  eager  to  show  that  he  was  worthy  of  the 
trust  placed  in  him.  He  went  to  work  with  a  vim,  and 
soon  had  his  fort  built.  It  stood  near  the  site  of  the 
town  of  Stat:  sville.  The  next  year  the  Assembly  sent 
a  committee  to  inspect  the  work.  One  of  the  members 
was  Richard  Caswell,  who  became  North  Carolina's 
most  famous  soldier  during  the  Revolution. 

This  committee  caiefully  examined  Captain  Waddell's 
fort,  and  reported  to  the  Assembly  that  it  was  a  good  and 
substantial  building.  The  walls  were  built  of  oak  logs, 
from  six  to  sixteen  inches  thick,  and  twenty-four  feet 
high.  The  fort  had  three  floors  so  arranged  that  a 
hundred  men  could  fire  their  muskets  from  each  at  the 


54  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

same  time.  The  committee  said  that  the  fort  was 
"  beautifully  situated  in  a  fork  of  Fourth  Creek,  a 
branch  of  the  Yadkin  river.  The  officers  and  soldiers 
were  well  and  in  good  spirits."  Captain  Waddell  had 
named  it  "Fort  Dobbs,"  in  honor  of  the  Governor. 

Fort  Dobbs  was  the  most  important  post  in  the  colony. 
Governor  Dobbs  was  so  well  pleased  with  Captain  Wad- 
dell's  work,  that  he  kept  him  in  command  of  the  fort 
for  nearly  two  years.  He  declared  that  the  young 
officer  was  in  "  every  way  qualified  for  such  a  command, 
as  he  was  young,  active,  and  resolute."  Captain  Wad- 
dell  succeeded  in  making  a  treaty  with  the  Indians,  but 
as  we  shall  see  they  did  not  observe  it  very  long. 

An  Over-Mountain  March.  —  In  1757,  Captain  Wad- 
dell  received  word  that  the  English  garrison  at  Fort 
Loudon,  on  the  Tennessee  river,  was  in  great  danger. 
Selecting  some  of  his  best  men,  he  hurried  to  its  aid. 
His  route  lay  through  two  hundred  miles  of  unbroken 
forests.  He  had  to  cross  high  rugged  mountains 
and  to  ford  deep  rivers.  There  were  no  roads  and 
no  inhabitants  except  hostile  Indians.  But  the  young 
commander  conducted  the  march  with  great  success. 
He  reached  Fort  London,  relieved  its  garrison,  and 
returned  to  Fort  Dobbs  in  safety.  Upon  his  return  he 
was  again  promoted,  this  time  to  the  rank  of  major. 

Major  Waddell  is  ordered  to  Virginia.  --  The  next  year 
Major  Waddell  was  ordered  to  Virginia.  A  great  expe- 
dition was  to  march  against  the  French  at  Fort 
Duquesne.  An  army  had  been  sent  from  England, 
under  ( leneral  John  Forbe>.  It  was  joined  in  Virginia 
by  troops  from  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and 
North  Carolina.  The  Virginia  troops  were  commanded 


lire II    WADDKLL  ;V> 

by  Colonel  (leorge  Washington.  Major  \\';i(l(lcll  com- 
manded (he  North  Carolina  troops.  He  had  .'>()()  white 
soldiers  and  some  Cherokee  Indians. 

The  March  to  Fort  Duquesne.  Major  Waddell  had 
now  become  an  experienced  soldier.  lie  was  thoroughly 
familiar  with  Indian  warfare,  and  he  knew  how  to  fight 
the  savages  after  their  own  manner.  His  men  wen; 
skilful  woodsmen  and  crack  riflemen.  They  were  just 
the  sort  of  men  that  (leneral  Forbes  needed  to  lead 
his  army  through  the  wilderness.  So  he  placed  Major 
Waddell,  together  with  Colonel  Washington,  in  the 
front  of  his  army.  Waddell's  duties  were  to  keep  a 
sharp  lookout  for  hostile  Indians;  to  act  as  a  scout 
and  gather  information;  to  build  bridges  and  boats; 
and  to  prepare  the  route  for  the  army  to  follow.  This 
was  just  the  sort  of  work  that  Major  Waddell  liked. 
On  the  march  he  "  dressed  and  acted  as  an  Indian,"  and 
"  had  great  honor  done  him." 

Sergeant  John  Rogers.  -  One  of  Waddell's  men  per- 
formed a  service  for  which  the  Assembly  rewarded 
him.  The  march  through  the  wilderness  was  very 
slow  and  difficult,  (leneral  Forbes  feared  that  winter 
would  set  in  before  he  could  reach  Fort  Duquesne. 
To  keep  the  army  in  the  wilderness  during  the  winter 
would  be  too  dangerous.  Either  he  must  push  on  more 
rapidly,  or  turn  back  and  wait  for  the  spring.  But  he 
was  afraid  to  push  on  boldly  until  he  knew  more  about 
the  situation  at  Fort  Duquesne.  So  he  offered  a  reward 
of  fifty  guineas  to  any  soldier  who  would  capture  an 
Indian  from  whom  the  English  could  get  information. 

Sergeant  John  Rogers,  one  of  Major  Waddell's  men, 
won  the  reward.  At  great  risk  to  his  own  life,  he  captured 


56  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

an  Indian  warrior  and  brought  him  to  General  Forbes. 
The  Indian  said  that  the  French  garrison  was  very  small 
and  weak,  and  would  abandon  the  fort  as  soon  as  the 
English  came  in  sight.  General  Forbes  was  delighted 
with  this  news,  but  he  forgot  to  give  Sergeant  Rogers 
the  promised  reward.  The  North  Carolina  Assembly, 
however,  gave  him  twenty  pounds  for  that  important 
service. 

The  English  capture  Fort  Duquesne.  —  General  Forbes 
decided  to  push  on  more  rapidly  than  ever.  He 
selected  his  best  companies,  put  them  under  the  com- 
mand of  Colonel  Washington,  and  ordered  them  to 
attack  the  fort.  Among  these  troops  were  the  North 
Carolina  soldiers  under  Major  Waddell.  The  rest  of 
the  army  followed  more  slowly. 

The  Indian's  story  proved  to  be  true.  When  the 
English  appeared  the  French  fled,  and  the  fort  fell  into 
Washington's  hands.  He  changed  its  name  to  Fort 
Pitt  in  honor  of  England's  great  statesman,  William 
Pitt,  the  friend  of  America.  It  is  said  that  the  first 
English  "  soldier  "  to  enter  Fort  Duquesne  was  a  fine 
large  dog  that  belonged  to  Major  Waddell.  For  his 
services  in  this  campaign,  Major  Waddell  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  colonel. 

Colonel  Waddell  defends  Fort  Dobbs.  —  Upon  his 
return  to  North  Carolina,  Colonel  Waddell  again  found 
work  to  do  at  Fort  Dobbs.  The  Indians  had  broken 
their  treaty,  and  were  on  the  warpath.  Many  of  the 
settlers  were  driven  to  seek  refuge  at  Salisbury  and 
among  the  Moravians  at  Bathabara.  Colonel  Waddell 
hurried  to  Fort  Dobbs  to  protect  the  settlers.  He  was 
able  to  check  the  Indians  for  a  while,  but  could  not 


entirely  stop  their  destroying  property  and  murdering 
the  colonists. 

In  February,  17(30,  the  Indians  attempted  to  destroy 
Fort  Dobbs.  One  dark  night,  they  gathered  close 
around  the  fort  to  make  a  secret  attack.  Suddenly  the 
dogs  in  the  fort  began  to 
make  "an  uncommon  noise." 
Taking  ten  stout  soldiers, 
Colonel  Waddell  went  out  to 
see  what  the  trouble  was. 
His  little  band  was  attacked 
by  seven  times  their  own 
number.  But  Waddell  told 

,  .  ,     STONE  MAHKI.M;  SITE  OF  r'ouT  DOHBS 

his  men  to  keep  together,  and 

hold  their  fire  until  the  Indians  were  within  ten  steps. 
Each  musket  was  loaded  with  a  bullet  and  seven  buck 
shot.  When  the  soldiers  fired,  the  red  men  retreated. 
Colonel  Waddell  then  returned  safely  to  the  fort. 

Instantly  the  red  men  swarmed  around  in  still  larger 
numbers.  But  Waddell  was  cool  and  calm.  He  inspired 
his  men  with  courage,  and  managed  them  so  well  that 
he  drove  the  Indians  off  in  great  confusion.  Writing 
to  the  Governor  about  the  fight,  Colonel  Waddell  said: 
"I  expected  they  would  pay  me  another  visit  last  night, 
but  find  they  did  not  like  their  reception." 

The  Indians  beg  for  Peace.  —  The  next  year  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Virginia  joined  in  sending 
a  great  expedition  against  the  Indians.  Colonel  Waddell 
commanded  the  North  Carolina  troops.  They  attacked 
the  Indians  near  the  present  town  of  Franklin,  in  Macon 
county.  The  whites  won  a  great  victory.  They  des- 
troyed the  red  men's  supplies,  laid  their  corn  fields  in 


58  HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

ruin,  and  burned  their  towns.  This  blow  broke  the  power 
of  the  Cherokee,  and  forced  them  to  beg  for  peace. 

Our  Best  Indian  Fighter.  —  Colonel  Waddell  had 
now  become  the  foremost  soldier  in  North  Carolina.  As 
an  Indian  fighter  he  had  no  equal  in  the  province,  and 
no  superior  anywhere.  He  had  learned  all  the  tricks 
of  the  savages,  and  he  knew  how  to  meet  them.  His 
hard  life  on  the  frontier  had  made  him  used  to  hard- 
ships and  dangers.  He  had  grown  into  a  large,  powerful 
man,  with  strong,  active  limbs,  and  deep,  broad  chest 
and  shoulders.  As  a  leader  he  was  fearless,  cool,  and 
calm  in  the  midst  of  danger,  and  quick  to  see  the  best 
way  out  of  it. 

The  Indian  Fighter  is  captured.  —  In  1757,  while  he 
was  in  command  at  Fort  Dobbs,  Waddell  was  elected  to 
represent  Rowan  county  in  the  Assembly.  In  Novem- 
ber, he  went  to  Wilmington  to  attend  the  session. 
There  he  found  time  not  only  to  make  laws  for  the 
people,  but  also  to  make  love  for  himself.  The  bright 
eyes  of  Alary  Hayncs  did  what  the  most  cunning 
Indian  could  never  do  — they  captured  the  brave 
young  Indian  fighter! 

Mary  Haynes  was  the  daughter  of  Captain  Roger 
Haynes,  an  officer  of  the  British  arm}'.  He  owned  a 
fine  place,  called  "  Castle  Haynes,"  near  Wilmington. 
To  Castle  Haynes,  therefore,  after  his  battles  were  over, 
the  young  Colonel  came  to  surrender  himself.  Colonel 
Waddell  then  made  his  home  at  Wilmington.  He  owned 
several  plantations  in  Rowan,  Anson,  New  Hanover, 
and  Bladen  counties.  His  favorite  residence  was  at 
Bellefont,  in  Bladen  county,  on  the  Cape  Fear,  about 
two  miles  below  Elizabethtown. 


$iSTffiHicA^ 


Waddell's  Political  Honors.  —  Colonel  Waddell  had 
now  become  one  of  the  lending  men  in  the  province.  In 
1700,  he  was  again  elected  to  the  Assembly  from  Rowan 
county.  After  he  moved  to  Bladen  he  was  elected  to 
the  Assembly  from  that  county  four  times,  (iover- 
nor  Dobbs  and  Governor  Try  on  both  recommended  him 
to  the  King  for  appointment  to  the  Council.  Tryon 
wrote  that  Colonel  Waddell  possessed  "  an  easy  fortune," 
and  was  held  "  in  much  esteem  as  a  gentleman  of  honor 
and  spirit." 

Waddell  defies  the  Governor.  —  When  Parliament 
passed  the  Stamp  Act,  the  Americans  declared  they 
would  not  obey  it  because  Parliament  had  no  right  to 
tax  them  without  their  consent.  Waddell  took  the  side 
of  the  colonists  in  resisting  it. 
He  became  the  military  leader 
of  the  patriots  on  the  Cape  Fear. 
In  November,  1765,  he  led  them 
in  one  of  the  boldest  deeds  ever 
done  in  America. 

On  November  28,  one  of  the 
King's  war  vessels,  the  Dili- 
gence, arrived  at  Brunswick  with 
the  stamps  for  North  Carolina. 
The  news  of  her  arrival  spread 
quickly.  Up  and  down  the  Cape  Fear,  and  far  into  the 
country,  men  snatched  their  rifles  and  hurried  to  Bruns- 
wick. There  they  placed  themselves  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Colonel  Waddell.  He  drew  them  up  along  the 
river  bank,  and  told  the  Captain  of  the  Diligence  that 
none  of  the  King's  stamps  should  be  brought  to  shore. 
This  daring  deed  prevented  any  of  the  stamps  from 


AN  KM;USII  RKVKNTI-:  STAMP 

FOR  THi:   (  'oLOMKS 


60  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

being  used  in  North  Carolina.  Such  resistance  to  the 
King's  officers  was  treason,  and  treason  was  punished 
by  death.  But  Hugh  Waddell  and  the  men  who 
followed  him  dared  even  death  in  defence  of  their 
rights. 

Waddell  helps  the  Governor.  —  When  Governor 
Tryon  tried  to  make  the  people  buy  the  stamps,  Hugh 
Waddell  resisted  him.  But  when  Governor  Tryon 
raised  an  army  to  compel  the  Regulators  to  obey  the 
laws  of  the  colony,  Hugh  Waddell  was  ready  to  help 
him.  He  was  ever  ready  to  oppose  both  tyranny  and 
lawlessness.  In  the  counties  around  Hillsboro  the  people 
complained  that  the  taxes  were  too  high  and  the  sheriffs 
and  other  officers  were  dishonest.  They  called  upon  the 
Governor  and  Assembly  for  relief.  But  it  required  some 
time  for  the  Governor  and  Assembly  to  act,  and  the 
people  became  impatient.  They  formed  themselves  into 
bands  called  Regulators  and  refused  to  obey  the  laws  or 
to  pay  taxes.  They  beat  the  officers,  broke  up  the  courts, 
and  insulted  the  judges.  In  1771,  Tryon  raised  an  army 
to  march  against  them.  He  appointed  Hugh  Waddell 
a  general,  and  sent  him  to  raise  troops  in  the  West. 
Tryon  met  the  Regulators  and  defeated  them  at  Ala- 
mance,  but  Waddell  did  not  reach  there  in  time  to  take 
part  in  the  battle. 

;  Death.  —  The  next  year,  1772,  General  Waddell 
started  on  a  trip  to  England.  lie  went  down  the  Cape 
Fear  to  Fort  Johnston,  near  its  mouth,  to  board  the  ship 
for  his  journey.  But  he  was  taken  suddenly  ill  and 
compelled  to  return.  After  suffering  for  nearly  a  year, 
he  died  April  0,  1773. 


WADDKLL 


GKOdRAPIIY    STl'DV 

1.  What  stales  have  been  formed  from  the  territory  conquered  by 
England  from  France  in  the  French  and  Indian  War? 

2.  Fort   Duquesne  stood  where  the  city  of  Pitt.sburg,  Pennsylvania, 
now  stands.      Describe  its  situation. 

3.  Fort  Dobbs  was  in  what  is  now  Iredell  county  (then  Rowan)  near 
the   present    town   of  Statesville.      Locate   its  site.      Where   is  Salem? 
Bathabani? 

4.  Fort   London  was  on  the  Tennessee  river.     Describe  the  char- 
acter of  the  country  through  which  Waddell  had  to  march  to  reach  it. 

">.   Describe  the  situation  of  the  town  of  Franklin.     It  was  near  this 
town  that  Waddell  fought  his  last  battle  with  the  Cherokee. 

(').   Where    is    Kli/.abethtown?     Ilillsboro?     The    Kno    Paver?     Ala- 


7.   Fort  Johnston  was  near  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Southport. 
Locate  its  site. 

REVIEW 

1.  What  was  the  cause  of  the  French  and  Indian  War? 

2.  Where  was  Hugh  Wnddell  born?     Who  were  the  Scotch-Irish? 
For  what  were  they  noted? 

3.  Why  did  Hugh  Waddell  come  to  North  Carolina  to  live? 

4.  What  was  his  first  military  service? 

f).  What  important  duty  was  given  him  on  the  frontier,  and  why? 
(>.  Describe  Fort  Dcbbs.     Why  was  it  such  an  important  post? 
7.  Describe  Waddell's  march  to  Fort  London. 

5.  What  service  did  Waddell  and  his  men  render  on  the  march  to 
Fort  Duquesne? 

9.   Describe  Waddell's  defence  of  Fort  Dobbs. 

10.  Tell  of  Waddell  as  an  Indian  fighter. 

11.  What  political  honors  did  Waddell  receive? 

12.  How  and  why  did  lie  defy  Governor  Tryon? 

13.  How  and  why  did  he  help  Tryon  against  the  Regulators? 


62  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

QUESTIONS   FOR  SPECIAL  STUDY 

1.  What  part  of  North  America  was  settled  by  the  French?     Give 
some  names  of  towns  and  other  places  that  indicate  they  were  French 
settlements.     Docs  France  now  own  any  territory  in  North  America? 

2.  What  part  of  North  Carolina  was  settled  by  the  Scotch-Irish? 

3.  What  interest  did  North  Carolina  have  in  driving  the  French  out 
of  the  territory  north  of  the  Ohio? 

4.  "Tell  what  is  meant  by  fighting  "  Indian-fashion." 

5.  Why  were  the  troops  of  Washington  and  Waddell,  rather  than 
the  regular  soldiers  from  England,  selected  to  make  the  attack  on  Fort 
Duqucsne? 

6.  Why  did  Washington  change  the  name  of  Fort  Duquesne  to  Fort 
Pitt? 

7.  When  the  United  States  was  at  war  with  Spain,  in  1898,  Congress 
passed  a  Stamp  Act  and  the  people  cheerfully  paid  the  tax.     What 
was  the  difference  between  that  tax  and  the  one  the  people  resisted  iii 
1765? 


CHAPTER    VI 
JOHN*    IIAKYKY 

John  Harvey.  —  laying  in  Perquimans  county,  between 
the  Yeopim  and  Perquimans  rivers,  is  a  narrow  strip 
of  land  known  as  "  Harvey's  Xeck."  Here  in  colonial 
days  lived  the  Harvey  family.  For  more  than  a  cen- 
tury, this  family  bore  an  important  part  in  the  history 
of  North  Carolina.  One  of  them  was  speaker  of  the 
Assembly,  and  the  leader  of  the  people  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Revolution. 

This  man  was  John  Harvey.  He  was  born  at  Harvey's 
Xeck  about  the  year  172").  When  he  was  four  years 
old  his  father  died.  In  his  will  he  left  directions  that 
his  four  boys  should  be  well  educated. 

These  boys  grew  up  on  a  large  plantation.  Besides 
being  well  taught  in  their  books,  the}'  learned  to  ride, 
to  hunt,  to  fish,  to  swim,  to  row,  to  sail  a  boat.  They 
learned,  too,  how  to  do  the  work  of  the  plantation. 
They  became  well  educated  men.  All  of  them  after- 
wards were  leaders  in  the  affairs  of  the  province. 

John  Harvey  was  a  large  and  wealthy  planter.  Many 
slaves  worked  on  his  plantations,  and  vessels  from  distant 
colonies  anchored  at  his  wharves.  They  carried  the 
products  of  his  farms  to  New  England  and  to  the  West 
Indies.  He  was  a  generous  man  with  his  wealth.  One 
who  knew  him  tells  us  that  "  his  house1  was  one  continued 

03 


64  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

scene  of  hospitality  and  benevolence,  and  his  purse,  his 
hand,  and  heart  were  ever  devoted  to  the  service  and 
relief  of  the  distressed." 

John  Harvey's  Political  Career.  —  Early  in  life,  John 
Harvey  began  to  take  part  in  public  affairs.  He  was 
just  twenty-one  when  the  people  of  Perquimans  county 
elected  him  to  the  Assembly.  The  Assembly  met  at 
New  Bern,  and  thither,  in  June,  1746,  John  Harvey 
went  to  take  his  seat.  Until  1775,  he  continued  to  rep- 
resent his  county.  For  several  years  he  was  speaker 
and  the  leader  of  the  Assembly  in  its  struggles  for  liberty 
against  the  King's  governors. 

The  War  with  France.  —  Soon  after  he  entered  the 
Assembly,  the  French  and  Indian  War  broke  out. 
The  North  Carolina  Assembly  ordered  that  soldiers 
should  be  raised  in  the  province  to  inarch  against  the 
French  and  Indians,  and  voted  £50,000  for  their  support. 
John  Harvey  helped  to  prepare  these  laws.  When  the 
Governor  tried  to  fores  the  Assembly  to  levy  taxes 
against  the  rights  of  the  people,  John  Harvey  spoke  out 
boldly  against  him.  But  in  all  proper  measures  for 
carrying  on  the  war,  John  Harvey  supported  the  Gov- 
ernor. After  seven  years  of  fighting,  England  and  her 
colonies  defeated  France,  and  compelled  her  to  surrender 
all  the  territory  she  owned  in  North  America. 

Harvey  Becomes  Speaker.  —  During  these  years, 
Harvey  became  the  leading  man  in  the  Assembly.  When 
the  Assembly  met  in  November,  1766,  the  members 
had  to  choose  a  new  speaker.  All  eyes  turned  toward 
John  Harvey.  Eichard  Gaswell  proposed  his  name  and 
he  received  every  vote  in  the  Assembly.  Then,  accord- 
ing to  the  ceremony  of  that  day,  they  went  into  the 


Council  Chamber  to  present  their  new  speaker  to  the 
(lovernor,  and  ask  if  he  approved  of  their  choice.  The 
(lovernor  bowed  and  smiled  pleasantly,  and  declared 
that  he  was  much  pleased  with  their  choice  of  .Mr.  .John 
Harvey.  Then  the  members  returned  to  their  own  hall 
and  Harvey  took  his  seat 
as  speaker. 

Next  to  that  of  governor, 
the  office  of  speaker  was  the 
highest  office  in  the  colony. 
The  governor  was  sent  from 
England  by  the  King,  and 
the  people  had  nothing  to 
do  with  selecting  him.  So 
the  office  of  speaker  was 
the  highest  to  which  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Assembly  could 
be  chosen.  He  presided 
over  its  sessions,  and  was  its 
leader  in  all  important  mat- 
ters. John  Harvey  held  that 

office  for  seven  years,  and  led  the  people  in  some  of  the 
most  important  events  in  our  history. 

Harvey  leads  the  Fight  against  Taxation  by  Parlia- 
ment.—-The  war  with  France  had  left  England  deeply 
in  debt,  and  King  (leorge  III  decided  to  make  the 
Americans  help  pay  it.  The  British  Parliament,  there- 
fore, passrd  the  Stamp  Act.  and  other  ads  to  tax  the 
Americans.  But  the  Americans  declared  that  these 
taxes  were  unlawful  and  they  would  not  pay  them. 
They  refused  to  trade  with  the  British  merchants  unless 
the  taxes  were  removed.  So  Parliament  was  forced  to 


GEORGE  III,  KIXG  OF  E.VGLAXD 


66  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

remove  all  except  the  tax  on  tea.  That  must  be  left 
on,  said  the  King,  in  order  ''to  try  the  question  with 
America."  We  shall  now  see  how  John  Harvey  led 
the  North  Carolina  Assembly  "to  try  the  question  with 
the  King." 

In  November,  1766,  Harvey  persuaded  the  Assembly 
to  appoint  a  committee  to  appeal  to  the  King  against 
the  tax.  He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  this  committee, 
and  wrote  an  address  which  was  sent  to  the  King.  In 
it  he  said  that  North  Carolina  had  already  paid  her  share 
of  the  cost  of  the  war  with  France,  and  it  was  not  fair 
to  make  her  pa}'  England's,  too.  Whenever  the  King 
had  asked  North  Carolina  for  aid,  the  Assembly  had 
always  "  cheerfully  and  liberally"  given  it;  and  lie 
promised  that  it  would  continue  to  do  so  in  the 
future. 

But  the  British  Parliament,  he  declared,  had  no  right 
to  levy  taxes  on  the  people  of  North  Carolina.  They 
were,  he  said,  entitled  to  "  all  the  rights  and  liberties  " 
that  other  Englishmen  had.  They  were  free  men,  and 
"  free  men  can  not  be  legally  taxed  but  by  themselves 
or  their  representatives."  North  Carolina  had  no  repre- 
sentatives in  Parliament;  therefore  Parliament  could 
not  legally  levy  taxes  in  North  Carolina.  And,  moreover, 
said  bold  John  Harvey,  the  people  of  North  Carolina 
would  not  pay  any  such  taxes! 

Non-Importation  Associations.  — Such  addresses  made 
the  King  and  Parliament  angry,  and  they  passed  laws 
to  punish  the  Americans.  Then  the  Americans  agreed 
with  each  oilier  that  they  would  buy  no  more  goods  in 
England  until  all  such  laws  were  repealed.  Such  agree- 
ments were  called  "  Non-Importation  Associations." 


The  King  at  once  ordered  his  governors  to  break  up 
those  associations. 

So  when  John  Harvey,  in  November.  1709,  proposed 
for  the  Assembly  to  adopt  a  "  Xon-Importation  Associa- 
tion," ( lovornor  Tryon  angrily  dismissed  the  members 
and  commanded  them  to  go  home.  Hut  Harvey  at 
once  called  on  them  to  meet  in  spite  of  the  ( iovornor. 
Sixty-four  of  them  obeyed  his  call.  They  met  as  a 
convention  independent  of  the  Governor.  .John  Harvey 
was  chosen  their  leader.  Ho  was  called  "  Moderator." 
The  members  declared  that  they  would  resist  every 
attempt  of  Parliament  to  levy  taxes  on  Americans. 
They  adopted  a  "  Xon-Importation  Association,"  called 
on  all  the  merchants  to  sign  it,  and  resolved  to  treat 
with  contempt  all  who  refused.  Most  of  the  merchants 
in  the  province  signed  it,  and  trade  with  Hritish  mer- 
chants was  stopped. 

The  Assembly  Rewards  Harvey.  —  Harvey  had  now 
become  the  most  trusted  leader  in  the  province.  The 
people  had  great  confidence  in  him.  The  members 
of  the  Assembly  were  ready  to  follow  whenever  ho  led. 
In  order  to  show  their  devotion  to  him,  they  voted,  in 
1773,  to  give  him  €100  as  a  reward  for  his  faithful 
services  to  the  colony;  and  the  next  year  they  voted 
£200  more. 

Committees  of  Correspondence.  --  The  quarrel  with 
the  King  had  now  become  very  bitter.  He  sent  an 
army  to  Boston  to  overawe  the  people.  In  some  of  the 
colonies  there  was  fighting  and  bloodshed.  Men  began 
to  fear  that  the  quarrel  would  lead  to  war,  and  they 
saw  that  the  colonies  must  unite  in  self-defence. 
The  Virginia  Assembly  proposed  that  each  colony 


68  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

appoint  a  committee  to  keep  in  touch  with  the  other 
colonies.  These  committees  were  to  write  letters  to 
each  other  so  that  each  might  learn  what  the  other 
colonies  were  doing,  and  make  helpful  suggestions.  They 
were  called  "  Committees  of  Correspondence."  The 
King  denounced  this  plan,  for  he  was  afraid  if  the  colonies 
united  they  would  be  strong  enough  to  resist  him. 

Nowhere  was  there  greater  excitement  than  in  North 
Carolina.  The  Assembly,  led  by  John  Harvey,  was 
struggling  hard  with  the  Governor,  Josiah  Martin,  who 
had  succeeded  Governor  Tryon  in  1771.  The  Assembly 
stood  for  the  liberties  of  the  Americans;  the  Governor 
stood  for  the  power  of  the  King  and  Parliament.  He 
refused  to  give  his  consent  to  laws  passed  by  the  Assem- 
bly. Trade  was  at  a  standstill.  The  courts  were  closed. 
Business  men  could  not  collect  their  debts.  Criminals 
escaped  without  punishment.  The  people  were  greatly 
alarmed,  but  they  were  determined  to  follow  John 
Harvey  until  they  won  their  liberties. 

In  December,  1773,  Harvey  proposed  that  the  Assembly 
appoint  a  Committee  of  Correspondence.  The  Governor 
tried  hard  to  prevent  this  step,  but  the  Assembly  followed 
Harvey's  advice.  Nine  men  were  selected  with  Harvey 
at  their  head.  The  others  were  Robert  Howe,  Cornelius 
Ilarnett,  William  Hooper,  Richard  Caswell,  Edward 
Vail,  John  Ashe,  Joseph  Hewes,  and  Samuel  Johnston. 

When  this  committee  met,  it  wrote  to  the  other 
colonies  that  North  Carolina  was  ready  to  unite  with 
them  against  the  King  and  Parliament.  The  committee 
thought  that  all  the  colonies  ought  to  elect  delegates  to 
a  great  Continental  Congress  at  Philadelphia  to  agree 
on  a  plan  of  union. 


JOHN    IIARVKY 


John  Harvey  leads  the  Way  to  Revolution. --These 

derogates  were  to  he  chosen  by  the  Assembly.  Hut 
the  Assembly  could  not  meet  except  when  the  Gover- 
nor  called  the  members  together.  Governor  Martin  did 
not  want  North  Carolina  to  send  delegates  to  the  Con- 
tinental  Congress,  so  lie  made  up  his  mind  not  to  call 
a  meeting  of  the  Assembly  until  it  was  too  late  to 
elect  them.  When  John  Harvey  heard  of  this,  he  flew 
into  a  terrible  rage. 

"  In  that  case,"  he  exclaimed,  "  the  people  will  call 
an  Assembly  themselves."  He  hastened  to  ccnsult 
some  of  the  other  leaders. 

"  Let  us  call  a  convention  independent  of  the  Gover- 
nor,"  he  urged.  "  I  will  call  on  the  people  to  elect 
members,  and  you 
must  help  me.  Let 
us  get  to  work  at 
once." 

This  was  one  of  the 
boldest  suggestions 
ever  made  in  Xorth 
Carolina.  Timid  men 
drew  back,  for  they  feared  that  John  Harvey  was  lead- 
ing them  into  rebellion.  Hut  he  fearlessly  took  the 
lead,  and  the  people  followed.  Governor  Martin's  anger 
rose  to  white  heat.  He  denounced  John  Harvey's  plan. 
"  It  is  against  the  law,"  he  cried.  "  It  is  an  insult  to 
the  King."  The  Governor  declared  that  it  was  re- 
bellion, and  that  those  who  dared  take  part  in  it  should 
be  punished.  He  commanded  the  members  not  to  hold 
any  such  meeting.  But  under  the  bold  leadership  of 
John  Harvey  they  met  at  Xew  Bern,  August  25.  1774. 


GOVERNOR'S  PALACE  AT  XK\V  HERN 


70  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

The  First  Provincial  Congress.  —  Such  a  Congress 
could  resist  the  measures  of  the  King  better  than  the 
Assembly  could.  The  Assembly  could  meet  only  when 
the  King's  Governor  called  it.  The  Congress  met  when- 
ever it  chose.  The  Governor  could  dismiss  the  Assem- 
bly whenever  he  pleased.  He  had  nothing  to  do  with  the 
Congress.  Acts  passed  by  the  Assembly  did  not  become 
laws  until  he  approved  them.  Acts  of  the  Congress  did 
not  need  his  consent.  So  it  was  a  wise  plan  of  John  Har- 
vey to  call  this  Congress  to  oppose  the  King's  tyranny. 

Seventy-one  members  attended.  Every  one  of  them 
looked  to  John  Harvey  as  their  leader.  They  elected 
him  moderator.  The  Congress  remained  in  session  four 
days.  Some  very  important  resolutions  were  adopted. 
It  was  agreed  that: 

1.  There  must  be  no  more  trade  with  England  until 
Parliament  repealed  the  laws  against  America. 

2.  Merchants    must    not    charge   higher   prices    than 
usual  for  their  goods. 

3.  The  people  must  drink  no   tea  until   the   tax  was 
removed. 

4.  Planters  must  not  import  slaves. 

5.  There  must  be  no  dealings  with  any  colony  or  any 
person  who  would  not  join  the  Non-Importation  Associa- 
tion. 

G.  The  people  of  North  Carolina  must  obey  the 
measures  of  the  Continental  Congress. 

7.  William  Hooper,  Joseph  Hewes,  and  Richard  Cas- 
well  were  to  go  as  delegates  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress at  Philadelphia  to  represent  North  Carolina. 

Thus  John  Harvey  again  beat  the  King's  Governor; 
and  before  the  Congress  adjourned,  it  voted  to  give  its 


JOHN    HARYKY  71 

thanks  to  "Mr.  Moderator  Harvey,  for  his  faithful 
exercise  of  his  office,  and  the  services  he  has  thereby 
rendered  to  this  province,  and  to  the  friend.-  of  America 
in  general." 

How  the  People  obeyed  the  Provincial  Congress. 
In  all  parts  of  the  colony  patriots  willingly  obeyed  the 
measures  of  the  Provincial  ( 'ongress.  Merchants  refused 
to  buy  any  more  goods  from  England,  planters  imported 
no  more  slaves,  and  women  stopped  drinking  tea.  At 
Kdenton,  October  12"),  1774,  fifty-one  women  met  at  the 
home  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  King  and  there'  signed  a  paper 
binding  themselves  to  give  up  the  "custom  of  drinking 
tea"  until  the  tax  was  taken  off.  The  a Kdenton  Tea 
Party,"  as  this  event  is  called,  showed  that  the  women 
of  North  Carolina  were  as  read}'  to  make  sacrifices  for 
the  good  of  their  country  as  were  their  fathers  and 
husbands. 

Harvey  aids  the  Boston  Patriots.  —  A  few  weeks  before 
the  "Kdenton  Tea  Party,"  in  September,  1774,  John 
Harvey  showed  his  devotion  to  the  American  cause  in 
a  very  generous  way.  A  cry  of  distress  had  reached 
Xorth  Carolina  from  the  people  of  far-away  Boston. 
Because  some  citizens  of  Boston  one  ni<iht  seized  a  ship 
lying  in  the  harbor  loaded  with  tea  and  threw  all  the 
tea  overboard  (which  act  is  known  as  the  Boston  Tea 
Party),  Parliament  had  passed  a  law  shutting  up  their 
port.  No  vessel  could  go  in  or  come  out.  for  war  ships 
guarded  the  entrance,  and  the  people  began  to  suffer  for 
food.  The  other  colonies  then  raised  the  cry  that  "the 
cause  of  Boston  is  the  cause  of  all."  They  sent  food  and 
clothes  to  the  other  towns  in  Massachusetts  to  be  used 
for  the  relief  of  Boston. 


72  HISTORY  OF  XORTH  CAROLINA 

In  September,  1774,  John  Harvey  and  Joseph  Hewes 
began  to  collect  supplies  around  Edenton  to  be  sent  to 
Boston.  They  collected  two  thousand  bushels  of  corn, 
twenty  barrels  of  flour,  and  seventeen  barrels  of  pork. 
Then  they  hired  the  sloop,  Penelope,  loaded  her  with 
these  supplies,  and  sent  them  to  "  their  distressed 
brethren  of  Boston."  At  the  same  time  Harvey  wrote 
a  letter  in  which  he  said:  "I  hope  to  be  able  to  send 
another  cargo  this  winter,  for  the  same  charitable  pur- 
pose, as  the  American  inhabitants  of  this  colony  entertain 
a  just  sense  of  the  sufferings  of  our  brethren  in  Boston." 

The  Penelope  reached  her  destination1  October  15. 
We  may  be  sure  that  her  cargo  was  gladly  received. 
The  Boston  committee  wrote  John  Harvey  a  long  letter 
of  thanks  for  his  noble  and  generous  donation. 

The  Last  Colonial  Assembly.  —  -  The  Governor  now 
decided  to  hold  another  Assembly.  Perhaps  the  mem- 
bers might  listen  to  -his  appeals  for  obedience  to  the 
King.  If  they  would  not,  then  perhaps  he  could 
frighten  them  into  obedience.  So  he  called  an  Assembly 
to  meet  at  New  Bern,  April  4,  1775. 

John  Harvey  knew  that  Governor  Martin  would 
dismiss  the  Assembly  as  soon  as  it  showed  any  sympathy 
with  the  American  cause.  He  thought,  therefore,  that  a 
Congress  ought  to  be  held  at  the  same  time  to  watch  the 
Governor,  and  be  ready  to  act  if  necessary.  So  he  called 
upon  the  people  to  elect  delegates  to  a  Congress  to  meet 
at  New  Bern,  April  3,  1775.  How  furious  Governor 
Martin  was!  He  denounced  Harvey  and  the  Congress, 

1  1'roliably  Marl)lehead,  which  upon  the  passive  of  the  Boston  Port  Kill 
" immediately  invited  the  merchants  of  Boston  to  use  its  \\  harves  and 
warehouses  free  of  charge  in  shipping  and  unshipping  their  goods.'' 


73 

too,  hut  his  linger  did  him  no  good.  The  people  chose; 
the  sumo  men  to  represent  them  in  hoth  bodies. 

They  met  at  Now  Hern  ut  the  uppointed  lime.  The; 
Assembly  elected  John  Ilurvey  speaker,  the  Congress 
elected  him  moderator.  The  Congress  did  not  have 
much  work  to  do  except  to  watch  the  Governor.  The; 
Assembly  was  in  session  only  four  duys,  und  each  day 
its  actions  angered  the  Governor  more  und  more.  Fi- 
nally, April  S,  177"),  in  a  great  rage,  he  sent  a  message 
dismissing  the  members  and  commanding  them  to  go 
home.  This  was  the  last  time  an  Assembly,  under  the 
rule  of  a  British  king,  met  in  North  Carolina.  When 
the  next  Assembly  met,  North  Carolina  was  a  free  and 
independent  state. 

Death  of  John  Harvey.  —  But  John  Harvey  was 
not  there  to  be  its  speaker.  One  da}',  soon  after  he 
returned  home  from  New  Bern  in  April,  1775,  he  fell 
from  his  horse  and  was  badly  injured.  A  few  days  later, 
at  his  home  in  Perquimans  county,  he  died.  The  news 
of  his  death  was  heard  by  the  patriots  of  the  colony  with 
great  grief  and  sorrow. 

"  He  will  be  much  missed,"  wrote  Joseph  Hew  es  from 
Philadelphia.  "  We  sincerely  condole  with  all  friends  of 
American  liberty  in  this  province,"  wrote  Robert  Howe, 
Cornelius  Harnctt,  and  John  Ashe,  "on  the  death  of  our 
worthy  friend,  Colonel  Harvey.  We  regret  it  as  a  public 
loss,  especially  at  this  critical  juncture."  "  In  public 
life,"  said  another,  "  all  his  actions  were  directed  to  the 
good  of  his  country.  In  him  the  advocates  for  American 
freedom,  have  lost  a  real  and  true  friend." 


74  HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

GEOGRAPHY   STUDY 

1.  Describe  the  .situation  of  Perquimans  county.     Beaufort  county, 
New  Bern. 

2.  Why  did  the  colonists  select  Philadelphia  as  the  place  for  holding 
the  Continental  Congress? 

REVIEW 

1.  Where  did  the  Harvey  family  live? 

2.  Describe  John  Harvey's  boyhood;  his  plantation. 

3.  How  old  was  he  when  elected  to  the  Assembly?     How  long  did 
he  serve  in  the  Assembly? 

4.  What  senices  did  he  render  in  connection  with  the  French  and 
Indian  War? 

5.  To  what  office  was  he  elected  in  1760?     Why  was  this  an  impor- 
tant office? 

G.  Describe  how  England  tried  to  make  America  help  pay  her  debts. 
7.   How  did  John  Harvey  lead  the  fight  against  taxation  by  Parlia- 
ment?    What  did  he  say  about  it? 

S.  What  was  the  Non-Importation  Association? 

'.).   I  low  did  John  Harvey  have  this  adopted  in  North  Carolina? 

10.  What   plan  did  Virginia  suggest  for  the  colonies  to  help  each 
other? 

11.  Tell  how  this  plan  was  adopted  in  North  Carolina.     Describe 
the  conditions  in  North  Carolina  at  that  time. 

12.  How  did  John  Harvey  lead  the  way  to  Revolution? 

13.  Describe  the  first  Provincial  Congress.     What   resolutions  did 
it  adopt?      Tell  how  the  people  obeyed  them. 

14.  What  was  the  Continental  Congress?     Who  were  chosen  dele- 
gates from  North  Carolina? 

LI.   How  did  .John  Harvey  aid  the  patriots  of  Boston? 
Hi.   Describe  the  last  colonial  Assembly  in  North  Carolina. 
17.  Tell  of  the  death  of  John  Harvey.     What  did  the  other  patriots 
say  of  him? 

Is.   State  briefly  the  chief  events  in  Harvey's  life. 

QUESTIONS    FOR    SPECIAL   STUDY 

1.   What  did   the   King  mean   when   he  said   that   the  lax  must   be 
left  on  tea  in  order  "to  try  the  question  with  the  Americans?" 


2.  What  diil  the  Americans  mean  by  saying  that  "taxation  with- 
out representation  is  t yranny? "  \\'hat  body  did  iln-y  say  alone  had 
the  right  to  levy  taxes  in  each  colony?  What  body  now  ha.-  the  power 
to  levy  taxes  in  North  ( 'arol'ma?  In  the  I'nited  State,-?  What  are 
taxes  used  for? 

'.).  When  the  Congress  wrote  the  Constitution  of  1 77<>,  it  put  this 
clause  in  it :  "  The  people  have  a  right  to  assemble  together  to  consult 
for  their  common  good,"  etc.  Was  there  anything  in  John  Harvey's 
oxperience  that  explains  why  this  clause  was  put  in  the  Constitution? 

4.  In  colonial  days,  acts  of  the  Assembly  had  to  be  approved  by 
the  governor  before  they  became  laws.  Is  this  necessary  in  North 
Carolina  now?  I  low  is  it  in  the  I'nited  States? 

">.  Kxplain  the  dil'l'ei'ences  between  tlie  ( ieneral  Assembly  and  the 
Provincial  Congress. 


CHAPTER    VII 


CORNELIUS   HARXETT 

Cornelius  Harnett.  —  Side  by  side  with  John  Harvey 
in  his  buttles  for  American  freedom  stood  his  friend, 
Cornelius  Harnett.  Harriett's  home  was  on  the  Cape 
Fear  river,  near  Wilmington.  He  was  born  in  Chowan 
county  in  1723.  When  he  was  three  years  old  his 
father  moved  to  the  new  settlements  on  the  Cape 

Fear.  There  young  Harnett 
grew  up.  He  received  a  good 
education. 

Cornelius  Harriett  was  one 
of  the  first  settlers  of  Wil- 
mington. Two  of  his  plan- 
tations, Maynard  and  Poplar 
drove,  were  near  that  town. 
His  house  at  Maynard  was  a 
large  brick  building.  It  stood  near  the  river,  at  the  end 
of  a  beautiful  avenue  of  trees,  in  the  midst  of  a  grove  of 
cedars  and  oaks. 

Harnett  was  a  small,  slender  man.  His  hair  and  eyes 
were  light  brown.  lie  had  a  pleasing  countenance,  which 
would  oft  (Mi  light  up  with  a  smile  so  sweet  and  kindly  that 
it  cheered  every  person  in  his  presence.  His  manner  was 
dignified,  but  courteous  and  kindly.  He  loved  books  and 
music,  and  was  always  an  interesting  companion. 

70 


HOUSE  OF  ("onxKLirs  HAKXKTT 
NEAK  WILMINGTON 


UrS   HAUXKTT 


77 


Harnett  in  the  Assembly.  -  Harnett  was  still  a 
young  man  when  ho  began  lo  take  part  in  public, 
affairs.  For  cloven  years  ho  was  alderman  of  Wilming- 
ton.  In  1754  the  people  of  that  town  elected  him  to 
represent  them  in  the  Assembly.  lie  served  in  the 
Assembly  for  twenty-one  years.  When  the  Revolution 
broke  out,  Harnett  was  the  leading  patriot  of  the  ('ape 
Fear  section.  His  popularity  was  so  great,  that  he  is 
called,  "  The  Pride  of  the  Cape  Fear." 

While  he  was  in  the  Assembly,  the  colony  was  growing 
rapidly.  Settlements  soon  stretched  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  Assembly  had  much  work  to 
do  for  the  benefit  of  the  new  settlers.  Harnett  took  an 
active  part  in  that  work.  lie  helped  to  prepare  laws 
for  building  new  roads  through  the  wilderness:  for 
establishing  ferries  over  rivers;  for  laying  off  new  towns; 
for  building  new  court-houses  and  school-houses;  for 
erecting  churches;  and  for  protecting  the  frontier  against 
the  Indians.  In  the  disputes  with 
the  governors  he  became  one  of  the 
leading  champions  of  the  people,  and 
stood  up  manfully  for  their  liberties. 

/The    Stamp    Act    on    the    Cape 
Fear.  —  Harnett  boldly  resisted  the 
Stamp  Act.     When  news  of  that  act 
reached  North  Carolina  the  people 
quickly  made  up  their  minds  that  no 
stamps  should  be  sold  in  the  colony. 
Large  crowds  gathered  at  Wilming- 
ton to  prepare  for  resistance.    They  marched  through  the 
streets    shouting,    u  Liberty,    Property,   and    No   Stamp 
Duty."     Every  man  wore  in  his  hat  a  little  white  slip  on 


78 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


which  was  printed  the  word  LIBERTY.  The}'  made 
William  Houston,  who  had  been  appointed  to  sell  the 
stamps,  resign  his  office  and  swear  that  he  would  not  try 
to  sell  any  stamps  in  North  Carolina.  They  compelled 
Andrew  Stewart,  the  printer,  to  publish  his  paper  without 
using  the  stamps.  They  pledged  themselves  to  resist  the 
Stamp  Act  to  the  death.  And  when  the  Diligence 
arrived  with  the  stamps,  they  seized  their  guns  and 
prepared  to  fight. 

Harnett    Leads    a    Revolt   Against   the    Stamp  Act. 

-  Captain  Lobb,  a  British  officer,  commanded  another 

war    vessel,    the    Viper,    at    Brunswick.      In    February, 

1766,    he    seized    three    ships    because    they    had    no 


('AIM.  KKAU  I'ATUIDT.-  UI.-IST  TIIK  LANIHNG  OF  STAMPS  AT  BRUNSWICK 


stamps  on  their  papers.  Never  had  anything  so 
aroused  the  people.  They  refused  to  send  any  food 
to  the  crew  of  the  \'ij>cr.  They  seized  the  sailors  who 


coKNKurs  IIAHXKTT  79 

came  ashore  for  food  and  throw  them  into  jail.  ( 'ornolius 
Ilarnott  and  James  Mooro  led  six  htindi'od  inon  to  Bruns- 
wick,  wont  aboard  tho  man-of-war,  and  coinpollod  Cap- 
tain Lobb  to  surrender  tho  captured  vessels. 

They  tlioii  dooidod  to  inako  all  tho  Kind's  officers 
swoar  not  to  enforce  tho  Stain])  Act.  Quo  of  those 
officers,  a  Mr.  Pemiington,  fled  to  (!o\'ornor  Tryon's 
houso  for  protection.  Ilarnott  promptly  led  his  men 
there1,  surrounded  tho  house,  and  demanded  the  surrender 
of  Pennington.  Tho  (lovornor  refused. 

"  Your  Excellency  must  lot  him  go."  said  Ilarnott. 
"  We  arc1  determined  to  have  him.  and  will  take  him  out 
by  force  if  you  detain  him.  But  we  do  not  wish  to  insult 
your  Excellency." 

"  You  have  already  offered  mo  every  insult  in  your 
power,"  retorted  the  (lovernor.  "  You  have  surrounded 
my  house  and  made  mo  a  prisoner  without  any  cause." 

Pennin»;toii  became  frightened,  and  said  that  he  would 
go  with  Harnett.  "  But  I  had  rather  resign  my  office," 
he  added,  ''  than  do  anything  contrary  to  my  duty  to 
the  King." 

"'  Then,"  said  Tryon,  turning  angrily  upon  him, 
"  you  had  bettor  resign  before  you  leave  here."  So 
Pennington  wrote  out  his  resignation.  "  Xow.  Sir," 
said  the  angry  Governor.  "  you  may  go."  And  Harnett 
led  Pennington  out  of  the  house  to  the  people. 

Harnett  then  led  his  men  back  to  Brunswick.  There 
they  placed  the  officers  in  a  circle  and  made1  them  swear 
not  to  enforce  the  Stamp  Act  in  North  Carolina.  As 
each  took  the  oath,  the  cheers  of  the  crowd  reached  Gov- 
ernor Tryon  at  his  home1,  and  he  knew  that  the  Stamp 
Act  was  a  failure.  Cornelius  Ilarnett  had  beaten  the 


80  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

King's    Governor,    and    had    become    the    idol    of   his 
people. 

Harriett  Enforces  the  "  Non-Importation  Association." 

-  In  1709,  Harnett  was  one  of  the  members  of  the 
Assembly  who  met  with  John  Harvey  in  a  convention 
to  adopt  the  "  Non-Importation  Association."  It  was 
very  important  that  the  merchants  should  all  agree 
to  this  association.  The  merchants  on  the  Cape  Fear 
bought  large  quantities  of  goods  in  England.  The 
patriots  were  anxious  for  the  Cape  Fear  merchants 
to  support  the  "  Non-Importation  Association,"  and 
they  looked  to  Cornelius  Harnett  to  lead  them. 

Harnett  called  a  meeting  of  the  merchants  and  planters 
at  Wilmington  in  June,  1770.  He  laid  the  association 
before  them,  and  urged  them  to  sign  it.  They  followed 
his  lead  without  hesitation,  and  after  signing  it,  chose 
him  as  their  leader  to  see  that  all  obeyed  it.  This  was 
a  trying  position,  but  Harnett  promptly  accepted  it. 
He  declared  that  he  was  ''ready  to  stand  or  fall  with 
the  other  colonies  in  support  of  American  liberty,1'  and 
that  he  "  would  not  tamely  submit  to  the  yoke  of  oppres- 
sion." From  this  we  see  that  Harnett  was  in  favor  of 
the  colonies  uniting  against  England.  So  when  the 
time  came  to  plan  for  union,  he  was  ready  to  take  the 
lead. 

Harnett  Has  a  Visitor  From  Boston. --The  time 
came  soon.  One  day  in  March,  1773,  a  traveler  rode 
up  to  the  door  at  Poplar  drove  and  asked  for  .Mr. 
Ilarnett.  This  man  was  Josiah  Quincy,  a  famous 
patriot  of  Boston.  lie  was  making  a  journey  through 
the  colonies,  and  had  come  to  Poplar  drove  to  discuss 
with  Ilarnett  a  plan  for  uniting  the  colonies.  Harnett 


( 'OK  XI-:  MI'S    IIAKMTT  SI 

at  once  sent  across  (he  river  for  his  friend,  ( 'olonel  Hubert 
Howe. 

Those  throe  sat  up  all  night  discus-inn-  the  plan  for 
committees  of  correspondence.  They  agreed  that  the 
j)lan  ought  to  be  adopted.  Quinoy  was  so  delighted  at 
Ilarnett's  patriotic  views  that,  in  the  midst  of  their 
discussion,  he  sprang  up  and  embraced  him.  When  he 
returned  to  Boston  he  told  the  patriots  there  of  the  "Teat 
patriot  of  Wilmington.  He  declared  that  Massachusetts 
could  depend  on  North  Carolina  in  resisting  the  King. 

When  the  Assembly  met  in  December,  Ilarnett  and 
Howe  both  urged  the  appointment  of  a  Committee  of 
Correspondence.  Their  names  stood  in  the  committee 
next  to  the  name  of  John  Harvey. 

Harnett  visits  New  England.  -  -  The  next  year, 
Ilarnett  made  a  trip  to  Xew  England  and  other 
northern  colonies.  Such  visits  as  his  to  the  North  and 
Quiney's  to  the  South  did  great  good.  B)'  them  the 
leading  men  of  the  different  colonies  learned  to  know 
and  trust  each  other.  Ilarnett  was  away  on  this  trip 
when  the  Congress  met  at  Xew  Born  in  August.  1774, 
and  therefore  he  was  not  a  member.  But  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Congress  in  April,  1775,  and  of  all  the 
other  congresses  that  met  in  North  Carolina  during  the 
Revolution. 

Committees  of  Saf ety.  -  -  The  Congress  in  August, 
1774,  advised  the  people  to  select  a  committee  in 
each  county  to  see  that  its  measures  wore  obeyed. 
Such  committees  were  called  "Committees  of  Safety.'' 
They  had  groat  power,  for  they  took  the  place  of  both  the 
Governor  and  the  courts.  Governor  Martin  commanded 
the  people  not  to  obey  them.  But  the  people  no  longer 


82  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

paid  any  attention  to  his  commands,  and  they  gave 
strict  obedience  to  the  committees  of  safety.  These 
committees  proved  to  be  so  useful  that  the  Congress 
which  met  at  Hillsboro  in  August,  1775,  appointed  a 
committee  for  the  whole  province  which  was  to  be  at  the 
head  of  all  the  other  committees.  At  first  it  was  called 
the  "  Provincial  Council;  "  but,  in  1776,  its  name  was 
changed  to  "  Council  of  Safety." 

Cornelius  Harnett  was  the  leader  in  the  work  of  these 
committees.  In  November,  1774,  he  was  chosen  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  of  Safety  at  Wilmington.  In 
January,  1775,  he  was  chosen  chairman  of  the  Committee 
of  Safety  for  Xew  Hanover  county.  In  October,  1775, 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  Provincial  Council. 
And  in  June,  1776,  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  Safety. 

As  president  of  the  Council,  Harnett  was  the  chief 
officer  in  the  province  and  the  leader  of  the  patriots. 
There  was  no  busier  man  in  North  Carolina  than  he. 
His  committees  compelled  debtors  to  pay  their  debts. 
They  punished  criminals  for  their  crimes.  They  re- 
quired men  to  obey  the  measures  of  Congress.  They 
raised  money  to  buy  arms,  gunpowder,  and  other  things 
needed  in  war.  They  enrolled  men  into  companies, 
armed  them,  and  elected  officers  to  lead  them.  They 
fitted  out  armed  vessels  which  sailed  to  the  West  Indies 
and  brought  supplies  of  all  sorts  into  the  colony.  In 
these  ways  Harriett's  committees  prepared  the  colony 
for  the  war  which  all  knew  was  near  at  hand. 

Stirring  News  From  Boston.  —  One  day  in  May, 
1775,  Cornelius  Harriett  received  news  that  a  battle 
had  been  fought  at  Lexington,  Massachusetts,  between 


Th 


the  British  and  Americans.  Kiders  on  fleet  horses  bore 
the  news  from  colony  to  colony,  from  town  to 
town,  from  committee  to  committee.  Day  and  night 
they  rode  through 
villages,  swam  deep 
rivers,  and  dashed 
along  lonely  roads. 
A  rider  with  the  news 
reached  Kdenton  on 
May  -1.  From  Kden- 
ton  he  dashed  on  to 
Bath,  from  Bath  to 
New  Bern,  and  from 
New  Horn  to  Wil- 
mington. 

It  was  in  the  after- 
noon of  May  S,  when 

he  gave  his  message  to  Cornelius  Harnett.  This  Stirling 
news  thoroughly  aroused  Harnett.  He  hurried  the  man 
on  to  Brunswick  with  a  message  for  the  Brunswick  com- 
mittee. "  For  God's  sake,"  he  wrote,  "send  the  man  on 
without  the  least  delay,  and  write  to  Mr.  Marion  to 
forward  it  by  night  and  day."  Everywhere  the  news 
created  great  excitement,  and  stirred  the  people  to 
action. 

The  Last  Royal  Governor.  —  Harnett  and  John 
Ashe  now  decided  that  the  royal  Governor  must  be 
driven  out  of  the  province.  He  had  already  fled  from 
New  Bern,  where  the  governor's  residence  was  at 
that  time,  to  seek  refuge  in  Fort  Johnston  near  the 
mouth  of  Cape  Fear  river.  There  lie  was  hard  at 
work  trying  to  stir  up  the  slaves  against  their  masters, 


84  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

and  the  King's  followers  called  Tories  against  the 
patriots,  sometimes  called  Whigs.  But  Harnett's  com- 
mittees kept  close  watch  on  him  and  prevented  his 
carrying  out  his  plans.  Governor  Martin  declared  that- 
all  his  troubles  were  due  to  four  men,  who  stood 
foremost  among  the  leaders  of  the  rebellion.  They 
were  Cornelius  Harnett,  John  Ashe,  Robert  Howe,  and 
Abner  Nash.  He  wrote  to  England  that  he  hoped  the 
King  would  never  pardon  them,  but  would  have  them 
put  to  death. 

When  Governor  Martin  learned  that  Harnett  and 
Ashe  were  getting  ready  to  attack  Fort  Johnston,  he 
fled  from  the  fort  to  the  British  war  vessel,  Cruizcr. 
Early  in  the  morning,  July  19,  somebody  on  the  Cruizcr 
waked  him  with  a  cry  that  Fort  Johnston  was  on  fire. 
He  hurried  to  the  deck  just  in  time  to  see  five  hundred 
minute-men  from  Wilmington  and  Brunswick  burning 
the  fort  to  the  ground.  "  Mr.  John  Ashe  and  Mr. 
Cornelius  Harnett/'  he  wrote  to  England,  "were  ring- 
leaders of  this  savage  and  audacious  mob."  Governor 
Martin  was  the  last  royal  Governor  of  North  Carolina, 
for  soon  after  Harnett  and  Ashe  drove  him  away,  the 
people  declared  themselves  independent  of  Great  Britain, 
and  elected  their  own  governor. 

Harnett  Leads  the  Way  to  Independence.  -  -  The 
man  who  pointed  the  way  to  independence  was 
Cornelius  Harnett.  When  the  North  Carolina  Con- 
gress met  at  Halifax  in  April,  1770,  none  of  the  colo- 
nies had  taken  a  stand  for  independence.  They  loved 
the  mother  country  and  wen1  anxious  to  make  up 
their  quarrel  with  her.  But  when  the  King  refused  even 
to  hear  their  prayers,  they  saw  that  they  must  either 


separate  from  Great  Britain,  or  surrender  thoir  liberties. 
But  who  would  take  the  lead?  After  the  la.-t  royal 
governor  was  driven  out  of  North  Carolina,  the  Whigs 
won  a  great  victory  over  the  Tories  at  Moore's  Creek 
Bridge,  February  27,  1770.  Then  the  North  Carolina 
patriots  cried  out  that  they  were  ready  to  lead  the  way 
to  independence. 

So,  on  April  8,  Congress  appointed  a  committee  to 
write  out  what  North  Carolina  should  say  on  that 
subject.  Cornelius  llarnett  was  at  the  head  of  that 
committee.  The  other  members  were  Allen  Jones, 
Thomas  Burke,  Abner  Nash,  John  Kinchen,  Thomas 
Person,  and  Thomas  Jones.  Harnett  wrote  the  report 
for  the  committee.  Amid  a  deep  silence,  April  12,  177G, 
he  read  this  report  to  the  Congress. 

In  his  report,  llarnett  declared  that  the  King  and 
Parliament  had  tried  to  destroy  the  "  peace,  liberty,  and 
safety  "  of  America.  The  Americans,  he  said,  had 
humbly  prayed  for  relief.  The  King  had  replied  to 
their  prayers  by  sending  armies  to  destroy  the  people 
and  their  property;  by  ordering  his  war  vessels  to  seize 
their  ships;  and  by  stirring  up  the  slaves  to  murder  their 
masters.  Many  persons  had  been  killed,  and  others 
had  been  reduced  from  wealth  and  ease  to  poverty  and 
distress. 

Harnett  thought,  therefore,  that  the  Americans  ought 
to  overthrow  the  rule  of  such  a  tyrant,  and  that  North 
Carolina  ought  to  lead  the  way.  After  hearing  his  report, 
the  Congress  voted  for  it.  This  resolution  required  the 
North  Carolina  delegates  in  the  Continental  Congress 
to  "  concur  with  the  delegates  of  the  other  colonies  in 
declaring  independency.'' 


86 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


A  copy  of  the  resolution  was  sent  off  at  once  to  Joseph 
Hewes,  who  was  in  the  Continental  Congress  at  Philadel- 
phia. How  pleased  he  was  when  he  found  that  North 
Carolina  had  led  all  the  colonies  in  declaring  for  independ- 
ence! He  showed  the  resolution  to  the  other  members 
of  the  Continental  Congress.  Many  of  them  promptly 
sent  copies  to  their  own  colonies  and  urged  them  to 


TITK  STATE  HOUSE,  on  INDEPENDENCE  HALT.,  PHILADELPHIA 
WHERE  THE  DECLARATION  or  IXDEI'KXDEXC'E  WAS  SK;XED 

follow  North  Carolina's  example.  Virginia  was  the 
first  to  do  so.  Then  others  followed.  Finally,  in  July, 
the  Continental  Congress  itself  adopted  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  for  all  the  colonies.  Thus  North  Caro- 
lina led  the  other  colonies  just  as  Cornelius  Harnett 
led  North  Carolina. 

Harnett    Selected    For   Punishment.  --  The    British 
did    not    forget    the     part    Harnett    played    in    this 


XKLir*   IIAKXKTT  S7 

important  stop.  He  was  selected  for  the  King's 
special  vengeance.  While  Congress  was  in  session  at 
Halifax,  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  the  British  general,  with  a 
powerful  army,  reached  the  Cape  Pear.  On  May  o  he 
issued  a  paper  promising  that  the  King  would  par- 
don all  the  rebels  in  North  Carolina  who  would  lay 
down  their  arms;  hut  he  excepted  "  from  the  bene- 
fits of  such  pardon  Cornelius  Harriett  and  Robert 
Howe." 

Harnett  Proclaims  Independence.  --  When  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  reached  North  Carolina, 
the  Council  of  Safety  was  in  session  at  Halifax. 
The  people  of  North  Carolina,  declared  the  Council, 
were  now  "  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British 
Crown."  So  the  Council  ordered  that  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  should  be  publicly  read  to  the  people 
on  August  first. 

On  that  day  a  great  crowd  gathered  in  the  little 
village  of  Halifax.  At  midday  the  soldiers  marched 
through  the  streets,  with  beating  drums  and  flying  flags. 
A  loud  cheer  went  up  from  the  people  when  President 
Harnett,  escorted  by  the  soldiers,  mounted  the  platform, 
with  the  declaration  in  his  hand.  While  he  read,  all 
listened  in  deep  silence.  But  when  he  finished,  they 
showed  their  gladness  by  shouts  of  joy,  waving  of  flags, 
and  booming  of  cannon.  The  soldiers  seized  President 
Harnett,  and  bore  him  on  their  shoulders  through 
the  excited  crowd.  The  people  cheered  him  as  their 
champion  and  proclaimed  their  allegiance  to  the  United 
States. 

Harnett  Becomes  a  Member  of  the  Continental 
Congress.  —  North  Carolina  was  now  an  independent 


88  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

state.  The  Congress  at  Halifax  in  December,  1776, 
adopted  a  new  plan  of  government,  called  the  "  Con- 
stitution of  1776."  Harnett  took  an  important  part 
in  preparing  this  Constitution.  After  it  was  adopted, 
Richard  Caswell  was  elected  governor  and  Harnett 
was  elected  president  of  the  Council  of  State.  But 
he  did  not  hold  that  office  long.  In  May,  1777, 
the  Assembly  elected  him  a  delegate  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress.  This  was  regarded  as  "  the  highest 
honor  that  a  free  state  could  bestow  on  one  of  its  mem- 
bers." 

Harnett  was  elected  to  the  Continental  Congress 
three  times.  When  he  returned  home,  in  1779,  the 
Assembly  thanked  him  "  for  his  faithful  and  important 
services  rendered  this  State."  His  work  was  so  hard 
and  he  suffered  so  many  hardships  that  his  health  broke 
down  completely.  Nothing  but  devotion  to  his  country 
held  him  to  his  post.  His  expenses  were  £6,000  more 
than  his  salary,  but  he  declared:  "  I  am  content  to  sit 
down  with  this  loss  and  much  more,  if  my  country  re- 
quires it."  "  I  shall  think  it  my  duty,"  he-  wrote  to 
Governor  Caswell,  "  to  serve  my  country  to  the  best  of 
my  poor  abilities,  either  with  or  without  pay." 

His  chief  wish,  however,  was  to  return  home.  There, 
he  said:  "  I  will  sit  down  under  my  own  vine  and  fig  tree 
(for  I  have  them  both)  at  Poplar  drove,  where  none  shall 
make  me  afraid  except  the  boats  of  the  British  cruisers." 
This  wish  was  realized  in  February,  1780. 

Harnett  in  Prison.  --But  Harriett  did  not  long 
enjoy  his  vine  and  fig  tree.  In  January,  17X1,  the 
British  captured  Wilmington.  The  patriot  leaders  had 
to  fly  for  their  lives.  There  was  none  of  them  whom 


89 

tho  British  wore  so  eager  to  capture  as  Harriet  I.  Major 
Craigo,  tho  British  commander,  at  once  sent  out  a  party 
of  soldiers  to  take  him.  Harriett  triced  to  escape,  hut 
after  going  a  few  miles  was  so  overcome  with  illness  that, 
he  had  to  stop  at  a  friend's  house  in  Onslow  county. 

There  the  British  soldiers  found  him.  They  pulled 
him  out  of  bed,  and  drove  him  on  foot  before  them  until 
he  fell  in  the  road.  Then  binding  his  hands  and  feet 
they  throw  him  across  a  soldier's  horse  "  like1  a  sack  of 
meal,"  and  so  carried  him  to  Wilmington.  Major 
Craige  threw  him  into  prison  and  kept  him  there  until 
he  was  in  a  dying  condition.  In  April,  17S1,  at  the 
request  of  Harriett's  Tory  friends,  Craigo  released  him. 
But  it  was  too  late  to  save  his  life.  lie  never  recovered 
from  his  cruel  treatment,  and  died  on  April  28,  1781. 

The  Legislature  of  North  Carolina  has  named  a  county 
in  his  honor,  and  in  the  heart  of  the  city  of  Wilmington, 
on  the  bank  of  the  Capo  Fear,  near  where  his  body  lies 
buried,  a  monument  has  been  erected  to  his  memory. 

GEOGRAPHY  STUDY 

Trace  the  route  of  the  messenger  who  bore  tho  news  of  the  battle 
of  Lexington,  from  Suffolk,  Virginia,  across  North  Carolina,  to  Bruns- 
wick. What  streams  and  bodies  of  water  did  he  cross?  What 
counties? 

REVIEW 

Describe: 

1.  Ilarnett's  home.     His  appearance  and  manners. 

2.  His  work  in  the  Assembly. 

3.  How  the  people  of  Wilmington  resisted  the  Stamp  Act. 

4.  Iknv  Harnett  led  the  revolt  against  it. 

f>.   How  lie  enforced  the  Non-Importation  Association. 
(i.  Jos.ia.li  Quincy's.  visit  to  Harnett. 


90  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

7.  The    Committees  of   Safety.     The    duties    of   the    Provincial 
Council. 

8.  How  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  was  carried;  how 
Harnett  received  it. 

9.  How  the  royal  Governor  was  driven  out  of  the  province. 

10.  How  Harnett  led  the  way  to  a  Declaration  of  Independence. 

11.  The  punishment  selected  for  him. 

How  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  received  at  Halifax. 
Harnett's  services  in  the  Continental  Congress. 
His  sacrifices  in  the  cause  of  independence. 
15.  His  death. 

QUESTIONS   FOR   SPECIAL  STUDY 

1.  Harnett  represented  the  town  of  Wilmington  in  the  General 
Assembly.     Do  any  towns  now  have  the  right  to  send  a  representative 
to  the  Assembly? 

2.  State  the  reasons  why  the  Cape  Fear  became  the  place  of  chief 
resistance  to  the  Stamp  Act. 


CHAPTER    VIII 
HOOPER,    HEWES,    AND   PENN 

Signers   of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  —  In 

the  history  of  North  Carolina  we  always  think 
of  William  Hooper,  Joseph  Howes,  and  John  Penn 
together.  If  you  look  at  a  copy  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  you  will  sec  the  reason.  There,  one  after 
the  other,  stand  the  names  of  the  three  patriots  who 
signed  the  great  Declaration  for  the  people  of  North 
Carolina.  William  Hooper  was  an  eloquent  lawyer  of 
Wilmington;  Joseph  Hewes,  a  wealthy  merchant  of 
Edenton;  John  Penn,  a  liberty-loving  lawyer  of  Williams- 
boro.  Hooper  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  Hewes 
of  New  Jersey,  and  Penn  of  Virginia.  But  all  three 
gave  their  services  to  North  Carolina,  and  their  fame 
belongs  to  the  Old  North  State. 

William  Hooper.  —  William  Hooper  was  born  in 
Boston,  June  17,  1742.  His  father  wished  him  to  be 
a  preacher,  and  so  determined  to  give  him  a  good  educa- 
tion. Young  Hooper  first  attended  the  Boston  Latin 
School,  and  at  fifteen  years  of  age  entered  Harvard 
College.  Three  years  later  he  was  graduated  with 
special  honor  in  languages,  literature,  and  history. 

When  he  came  to  choose  his  life's  work,  he  decided 
against  the  ministry  in  favor  of  the  law.  In  1761  he 
began  to  study  law  under  the  great  Boston  patriot, 
James  Otis.  This  was  fortunate  for  Hooper.  Otis  was 

91 


92 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


not  only  a  great  lawyer,  but  he  was  also  Boston's  leading 
patriot.  In  the  disputes  between 
the  Americans  and  the  King  the 
other  members  of  Hooper's  family 
took  the  King's  side.  But  through 
the  influence  of  Otis,  William  Hooper 
became  a  devoted  Whig;  in  other 
words  he  opposed  the  King's  way  of 
dealing  with  the  colonies.  After 
receiving  his  license  to  practise  law, 
he  sailed  on  a  visit  to  Wilmington, 
North  Carolina.  The  town  and  its 
people  delighted  the  young  Boston 
and  he  adopted  Wilmington  as  his  future 


WILLIAM  HOOPER 


attorney, 
home. 

Joseph  Hewes.  —  Joseph  Hewes  was  twelve  years 
older  than  Hooper.  His  birthplace  was  on  a  farm  near 
Kinston,  Xew  Jersey.  While  he  was  a  small  boy,  he  was 
sent  to  a  school  in  the  neighborhood,  where  he  learned 
reading,  writing  and  arithmetic.  But 
his  school  days  did  not  last  long. 
In  those  days  people  thought  that  a 
man  did  not  need  much  of  an  edu- 
cation unless  he  intended  to  be  a 
preacher,  a  lawyer,  or  a  doctor. 
Hewes'  father  intended  for  him  to  be 
a  merchant.  So  after  a  short  time  at 
school,  young  Hewes  was  placed  under 
a  merchant  in  Philadelphia  to  be 
trained  in  the  business  of  a  merchant. 

At  twenty-one  years  of  age  Howes  entered  into  business 
for  himself.     It  is  probable  that  he  had  a  trade  with  the 


JOSEPH  HKWES 


IIOOPKR,   HK\Yi:S,   AND    I'KNX 


JOHN'  PK.VX 


merchants  of  Edenton,  North  Carolina,  for  lie  soon 
decided  to  move  to  that  town.  In  17."><>,  he  left  Phila- 
delphia and  became  a  merchant  at  Kdenton. 

John  Perm. -- -  Ilewes  was  eleven  years  older,  and 
Hooper  one  year  younger  than  .John  Pemi.  Penn  was 
born  in  Caroline  county,  Virginia.  When  he  was 
eighteen  years  old,  his  father  died, 
leaving  him  a  small  fortune.  Though 
a  man  of  means,  Penn's  father  cared 
but  little  about  educating  his  son. 
John  Penn's  school  days  lasted  only 
two  or  three  years.  But  fortunately 
near  his  home  lived  his  kinsman,  the 
famous  Kdmund  Pendleton,  who  had 
a  good  library.  He  gave  young  Penn 
permission  to  use1  his  library  freely, 
and  by  careful  reading,  Penn  made  up  for  his  lack  of 
early  education. 

With  Pendleton's  aid  he  studied  law,  and  in  17(>2 
received  his  license  to  practise.  At  first  Penn  practised 
law  in  Virginia,  where  he  gained  a  reputation  as  a  careful, 
painstaking  attorney.  In  1774  he  decided  to  move 
to  North  Carolina,  and  selected  the  little  village  of 
Williamsboro,  in  Granville  county,  as  his  home. 

^'Hooper  and  Hewes  in  the  Assembly.  —  When  Penn 
reached  Williamsboro,  he  found  the  patriots  of  North 
Carolina  deeply  stirred  over  the  contest  with  the 
royal  Governor  and  the  King.  Among  the  leaders 
of  the  Whigs  he  heard  mentioned  the  names  of  William 
Hooper  and  Joseph  Hewes.  Both  were  members  of  the 
General  Assembly.  Hooper  represented  the  little  village 
of  Campbellton.  He  entered  the  Assembly  in  1778,  and 


94  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

there  met  Hewes,  who  had  been  the  member  for  Edenton 
since  1766. 

These  two  men  soon  became  warm  friends.  They 
served  on  many  important  committees  and  stood  to- 
gether in  all  the  struggles  against  the  Governor.  The 
most  important  event  during  the  Assembly  of  1773,  as 
we  have  already  seen,  was  the  appointment  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Correspondence.  Hooper  and  Hewes  were 
both  made  members  of  this  committee. 

They  Send  Aid  to  Boston.  —  In  1774  these  two 
friends  were  active  in  collecting  clothes  and  food  for 
the  poor  people  of  Boston.  At  Edenton,  Hewes  together 
with  John  Harvey  loaded  the  Penelope  with  a  cargo  and 
sent  it  to  the  Boston  patriots.  At  Wilmington,  Hooper 
called  a  meeting  of  the  people  to  decide  what  Wilmington 
should  do.  This  meeting  declared  that  the  people  of 
Wilmington  regarded  "the  cause  of  the  town  of  Boston 
as  the  common  cause  of  British  America,  and  as  suffering 
in  defence  of  the  rights  of  the  colonies  in  general." 
Under  the  leadership  of  Hooper,  the  Wilmington  patriots 
collected  two  ship  loads  of  supplies  and  £2,000  in  money 
and  sent  them  to  the  patriots  of  Boston. 

Hooper  and  Hewes  in  the  Provincial  Congress.— 
At  the  same  meeting  the  Wilmington  patriots  took 
another  important  step.  You  will  remember  how 
John  Harvey,  in  the  spring  of  1774,  suggested 
to  Samuel  Johnston  the  calling  of  a  provincial  congress. 
Johnston  at  once  wrote1  to  Hooper  to  ask  what  he  thought 
of  Harvey's  plan.  Hooper  was  strongly  in  favor  of  it. 
When  the  Wilmington  patriots  met,  July  21,  1774,  to 
consider  the  cause  of  Boston,  Hooper  was  chosen  chair- 
man of  the  meeting.  He  advocated  the  Provincial 


IIOOPKH,   IIKWKS,   AND   1'KXX  0."> 

,  and  the  Wilmington  meeting  declared  in  favor 
of  holding  such  a  Congress.  Hooper  and  .John  Ashe 
were  chosen  to  represent  New  Hanover  county.  When 
they  reached  New  Bern,  where  the  Congress  met,  Hooper 
found  that  his  friend  Hewes  was  there  as  the  member 
for  Kdenton. 

The  Congress  met  August  25,  1774.  The  most  im- 
portant business  was  the  election  of  delegates  to  repre- 
sent. North  Carolina  in  the  Continental  Congress  which 
was  to  meet  at  Philadelphia.  William  Hooper,  Joseph 
Hewes,  and  Richard  Caswell  were  chosen.  They  were 
given  power  to  act  for  North  Carolina.  Any  action 
they  took,  or  any  promise  they  made  to  the  other  colonies, 
was  to  be  binding  upon  every  person  in  North  Carolina 
who  was  not  an  enemy  to  the  liberties  of  his  country. 

J«hn  Penn  Joins  Hooper  and  Hewes  in  the  Conti- 
nental Congress.  -The  first  Continental  Congress  met 
at  Philadelphia  September  5,  1774.  It  came  to  a  close 
October  26.  The  next  year  the  second  Continen- 
tal Congress  met  at  Philadelphia  on  May  10.  Hooper, 
Hewes  and  Caswell  again  represented  North  Caro- 
lina. But  in  September,  1775,  Caswell  resigned, 
and  the  North  Carolina  Congress  had  to  elect  some- 
body to  take  his  place.  One  of  the  members  of  the 
North  Carolina  Congress,  which  met  at  Hillsboro  in 
August,  1775,  was  John  Penn.  He  had  been  in  North 
Carolina  only  a  year,  yet  he  had  already  become  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  patriots.  The  other  members  now 
turned  to  him  to  take  Caswell's  place  in  the  Continental 
Congress.  He  was  elected  in  September,  and  in  October 
he  tools  his  seat-  in  Congress  along  with  Hooper  and 
Hewes. 


96  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

Hooper,  the  Orator.  —  William  Hooper  served  on 
thirty-four  different  committees  in  the  Continental  Con- 
gress. He  helped  to  prepare  an  address  to  the  people 
of  England.  This  address  set  forth  the  rights  of  the 
colonists  and  showed  how  the  King  had  trampled  on 
thenx.  Hooper  also  helped  in  forming  a  plan  to  raise  an 
army-  to  defend  American  rights.  And  he  helped  to 
write  an  address  to  the  people  of  the  colonies  urging 
them  to  support  their  liberties  with  their  lives. 

In  this  address  the  committee  said:  "  We  have  taken 
up  arms  in  the  best  of  causes.  Our  troops  are  animated 
with  the  love  of  freedom.  They  have  fought  like  good 
citizens  as  well  as  brave  soldiers.  Britain  and  these 
colonies  have  been  a  blessing  to  each  other.  We  feel 
sure  they  might  continue  to  be  so.  But  that  we  may 
continue  to  be  connected  with  Great  Britain  is  our  second 
wish  —  our  first  is,  that  America  may  be  free!  " 

Hooper  took  an  active  part  in  the  debates  of  Congress, 
and  gained  a  reputation  as  an  eloquent  speaker.  John 
Adams  wrote  that  Richard  Henry  Lee,  Patrick  Henry, 
and  William  Hooper  were  "the  orators"  of  Congress. 

Hewes,  the  Business  Man.  —  Hewes  was  not  an 
orator.  He  was  a  plain-spoken,  business  man.  As  a 
merchant  he  had  learned  much  about  ships  and  the  sea. 
So  when  Congress  decided  to  build  a  navy  to  meet  Eng- 
land on  the  sea,  Hewes  put  his  knowledge  to  good  use 
for  his  country.  He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  com- 
mittee in  charge  of  building  war  vessels,  equipping  them 
with  arms  and  men,  and  selecting  officers.  One  of  the 
officers  selected  was  the  famous  John  Paul  Jones.  After 
Jones  had  become  famous  he  declared  that  he  owed 
much  of  his  success  to  the  interest  taken  in  him  by  Hewes. 


TIOOPKH,    1 1 1-:\VKS,   AM)   PKXX  07 

No  man  in  Congress  worked  harder  than  Hewes.  In 
the  interest,  of  his  country  he  forgot  his  own  welfare. 
Hooper  and  Penn  wrote  of  him:  "  From  the  large  share 
of  naval  and  mercantile  business  which  has  been  allotted 
to  his  attention  by  Congress,  his  health  has  been  much 
impaired.  From  six  in  the  morning  till  five  and  some- 
times six  in  the  afternoon,  without  eating  or  drinking, 
he  would  be  at  work."  His  health  broke1  completely 
down,  and  in  September,  1770,  he  was  compelled  to 
return  to  North  Carolina. 

Penn  in  Congress.  -John  Penn  took  his  seat  in 
the  Continental  Congress  October  12,  1775.  lie  did 
not  have  so  much  work  to  do  in  Congress  as  Hooper  and 
Hewes.  But  like  them  he  wrote  many  letters  to  his 
friends  at  home,  telling  them  what  the  Congress,  the 
army  and  the  other  colonies  were  doing,  and  urging  them 
to  stand  firm  for  American  liberties. 

What  Hooper  Wrote.  —  A  few  days  before  the  battle 
of  Moore's  Creek  Bridge,  Hooper  wrote  to  one  of  his 
friends:  "  Do  we  not  play  a  game  where  slavery  or 
liberty  is  at  stake?  Were  I  to  advise,  the  whole  force 
of  the  colony  should  be  collected  for  immediate  action 
when  called  for,  and  bid  adieu  to  ploughshares  and  prun- 
ing hooks  till  the  sword  could  find  its  scabbard  with 
safety  and  honor  to  its  owner.  My  first  wish  is  to  be 
free;  my  second  to  be  reconciled  to  Creat  Britain,  (lot! 
grant  that  both  may  soon  take  place.  Measures  must 
be  taken  immediately.  Ere  this  the  troops  of  the  enemy 
are  in  your  country;  may  you  stand  forth  like  men.  and 
fight  the  cause  of  liberty,  the  cause  of  the  living  Cod." 

What  Hewes  Wrote.  —  A  few  days  after  the  battle 
of  Bunker's  Hill,  Hewes  wrote  to  Samuel  Johnston: 


OS  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

"  I  hope  you  will  drive  every  principle  of  Toryism  out 
of  all  parts  of  your  Province.  I  consider  myself  now 
over  head  and  ears  in  rebellion.  But  I  feel  no  regret 
for  the  part  I  have  taken,  nor  for  the  number  of  our 
enemies  lately  slain  in  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill." 

At  another  time  he  said:  "  All  accounts  from  England 
seem  to  agree  that  we  shall  have  a  dreadful  storm  bursting 
on  our  heads  through  all  America  in  the  spring.  We 
must  not  shrink  from  it.  We  ought  not  to  show  any 
signs  of  fear.  We  ought  to  be  so  firm  as  to  stand  un- 
moved at  the  bursting  of  an  earthquake.  I  feel  myself 
quite  composed.  I  have  furnished  myself  with  a  good 
musket  and  bayonet,  and  when  I  can  no  longer  be  useful 
in  council,  I  hope  I  shall  be  willing  to  take  the  field." 

What  Penn  Wrote.  —  Neither  Hooper  nor  Hewes 
were  more  in  earnest  than  Penn.  As  soon  as  he 
learned  that  a  large  British  force  had  been  sent  to  North 
Carolina  to  help  crush  the  patriots,  he  wrote  to  Colonel 
Thomas  Person:  "  I  make  no  doubt  but  the  Southern 
Provinces  will  soon  be  the  scene  of  action.  I  hope  we 
to  the  southward  shall  act  like  men  determined  to  be 
free.  For  God's  sake,  my  good  Sir,  encourage  our  people 
—  animate  them  to  dare  even  to  die  for  their  country." 

"Striding  Fast  to  Independence."  —  Soon  after  this 
letter  was  written,  the  patriots  of  North  Carolina 
began  to  talk  of  declaring  for  independence.  Among 
the  first  men  to  S3e  that  the  colonies  must  become 
independent  was  William  Hooper.  In  1774  he  wrote 
that  they  were  "  striding  fast  to  independence,  and 
ere  long  will  build  an  empire  upon  the  ruins  of  Groat 
Britain."  Hewes  and  Penn  also  wrote  in  favor  of 
independence. 


IIOOPKH,   HKWKS,   AM)   1'KXX 


Mecklenburg    County    Takes     a     Bold    Step.  —  In 

every  part  of  the  province  the  people  were  soon 
talking  about  independence.  Some  of  course;  were  op- 
posed to  such  a  bold  step,  but  many  others  favored  it. 
The  boldest  of  all  was  the  action  taken  by  the  patriots 
of  Mecklenburg  county. 
While  they  were  holding  a 
meeting  at  Charlotte,  in 
May,  1775,  they  received 
news  of  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington, and  the  killing  of 
American  patriots  by  British 
soldiers.  In  great  anger  they 
all  cried  out:  "  Let  us  be 
independent!  Let  us  be 
independent!  "  They  de- 
clared that  Great  Britain 
ought  no  longer  to  have  any 
authority  over  the  colonists. 
So  they  elected  county  offi- 
cers, and  declared  that  they 
should  hold  their  offices  "in- 
dependent of  the  Crown  of 

Great  Britain."  Captain  James  Jack  at  once  set  off  on 
a  fleet  horse  to  carry  this  declaration  to  Hooper,  Hewes, 
and  Penn  at  Philadelphia. 

North  Carolina  Declares  For  Independence.  —  In 
April,  177G,  Hooper  and  Penn  left  Philadelphia  to 
attend  the  Provincial  Congress  at  Halifax.  They 
found  the  North  Carolina  patriots  eager  to  be  independ- 
ent of  the  King.  Everybody  was  talking  about  inde- 
pendence. "All  regard  or  fondness  for  the  King  or 


MONUMENT  TO  THE  SIGNERS  OF  THE 
"MECKLENBURG  DECLARATION  OF 
INDEPENDENCE " 


100  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

nation  of  Britain  is  gone,"  wrote  Penn  to  John  Adams. 
11  A  total  separation  is  what  they  want.  Independence 
is  the  word  most  used."  So  on  April  12,  as  we  have 
seen,  the  Congress  resolved  in  favor  of  a  Declaration  of 
Independence. 

Hooper,  Hewes,  and  Penn  Sign  the  Declaration 
of  Independence.  —  A  copy  of  the  ''Resolution  of 
April  12"  was  sent  in  great  haste  to  Joseph  Hewes, 
who  had  remained  at  Philadelphia.  A  few  days  later 
Hewes  laid  it  before  the  Continental  Congress.  It 
was  the  first  resolution  passed  by  any  of  the  colonies 
in  favor  of  independence  and  the  patriots  welcomed 
it.  John  Adams,  Samuel  Adams,  and  other  delegates 
wrote  to  their  own  colonies  urging  that  they  follow 
North  Carolina's  good  example.  Several  of  them  did 
so.  Then  in  July  the  Continental  Congress  adopted 
the  great  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  Hooper, 
Hewes,  and  Penn  signed  it  for  North  Carolina. 

Hooper's  Last  Services.  —  In  1777  the  Assembly 
again  elected  Hooper  a  delegate  to  the  Continental 
Congress,  but  this  time  he  declined.  For  several  years 
he  was  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  was 
always  active  in  supporting  the  cause  of  independence. 
When  the  British  captured  Wilmington,  in  1781,  Hooper, 
like  his  friend  Harnett,  had  to  fly  for  his  life  and  seek 
refuge  in  the  interior  of  the  State. 

After  the  Revolution  Hooper  made  his  home  at 
Hillsboro.  There  he  practised  law  and  struggled  hard 
to  regain  the  fortune  he  had  lost  in  the  Revolution. 
But  his  sacrifices  had  not  only  swept  away  his  fortune, 
they  had  also  ruined  his  health.  lie  died,  October  14, 
1790,  worn  out  in  the  service  of  his  countrv. 


IIOOPKR,  HKWKS,  AXD  IM:XX  101. 

Hewes'  Last  Services.  —  When  Hooper  died,  Hewes 
had  been  dead  eleven  years.  After  leaving  the  Con- 
tinental Congress,  in  177(>,  Hewes  returned  to  Eden- 
ton  to  regain  his  health.  During  the  next  three  years 
he  rendered  important  service  in  securing  supplies  for 
Washington's  army.  lie  sent,  his  own  ships  down  to  the 
West  Indies  for  cargoes  of  arms,  ammunition,  clothes, 
and  other  supplies.  These  supplies  were  brought  to 
Edenton  and  then  sent  overland  to  the  army  in  the  North. 
We  may  be  sure  that  they  were  gladly  received  by  the 
ragged  veterans  and  their  great  general. 

In  1779  the  Assembly  again  chose  Hewes  a  delegate 
to  the  Continental  Congress.  Hewes  knew  that  he  was 
not  strong  enough  to  stand  the  hard  work,  but  he  thought 
it  his  duty  to  try.  So  he  again  went  to  Philadelphia. 
But  his  health  was  so  poor  that  he  was  absent  from 
Congress  much  of  the  time.  The  last  time  that  he 
attended  a  session  of  Congress  was  on  October  29,  1779. 
Eleven  days  later  he  died.  When  he  was  buried,  the 
members  of  Congress,  the  General  Assembly  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  a  large  body  of  soldiers  and  citizens  at- 
tended the  funeral. 

Penn's  Last  Services.  —  Penn  remained  in  the 
Continental  Congress  after  Hewes  had  died.  After 
adopting  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  Congress 
had  to  prepare  a  plan  of  government  for  the  United 
States.  John  Penn  took  part  in  this  work.  A  great 
deal  of  careful  thought  and  discussion  was  given  to  it. 
It  was  called  the  ''Articles  of  Confederation  and  Per- 
petual Union." 

This  plan  bound  the  thirteen  colonies  together  as  the 
United  States.  The  laws  for  this  union  were  to  be  made 


102 


by  the  Continental  Congress.  This  plan  proved  to  be 
very  imperfect,  and  afterwards  was  given  up  for  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States.  But  it  served  the 
United  States  for  nearly  ten  years,  and  under  it  they 
fought  the  Revolution  and  won  their  independence. 
The  men  who  signed  the  Articles  of  Confederation  for 
North  Carolina  were  John  Penn,  Cornelius  Harnett, 
and  John  Williams. 

After  signing  these  Articles,  John  Penn  returned  to 
North  Carolina.  In  1780  the  affairs  of  the  United 
States  were  very  gloomy.  Their 
armies  had  been  beaten  in  Georgia 
and  South  Carolina,  and  Lord 
Cornwallis,  with  a  large  army,  was 
getting  ready  to  march  into  North 
Carolina.  It  looked  as  if  North 
Carolina,  too,  might  be  conquered. 
To  meet  this  great  danger,  the 
Legislature  appointed  a  Board  of 
War,  composed  of  three  men,  to 
take  charge  of  the  military  affairs 
of  the  State.  John  Penn  was  one 
of  the  men  selected,  and  did  more 
than  both  of  the  others  together 

to  prevent  the  conquest  of  North  Carolina.  This  board 
collected  arms,  ammunition,  clothing',  food,  and  other 
military  supplies  for  the  army,  so  that  it  might  be 
ready  to  meet  Cornwallis  when  he  came. 

The  work  was  very  difficult.  Penn  suffered  many  hard- 
ships, dangers,  and  anxieties.  His  health  broke  down 
under  his  heavy  work,  and  he  was  compelled  to  resign. 
Returning  to  his  home  in  Granville  county,  he  spent  the 


HOOPER-PENN  MONU- 
MENT AT  GUILFOKD 
BATTLE-GKOUND 


HOOPER,   HEWES,   AND  PEXX  103 

last  few  years  of  his  life  quietly  on  his  farm,  where  he 
died  in  September,  1787. 

A  Monument  to  the  Signers.  —  Hooper  was  buried 
at  Hillsboro,  Howes  at  Philadelphia,  and  Penn  on 
his  farm  in  (Iranville.  Howes'  grave  has  boon  lost. 
In  1894  the  bodies  of  Hooper  and  Penn  were  re- 
moved to  the  (Uiilford  Battle-ground.  There  the  two 
friends  and  patriots  now  rest  side  by  side.  Over  their 
grave  a  statue  of  an  orator  has  boon  erected,  holding  in 
his  hand  a  scroll  which  represents  the  Declaration  of 
Independence. 

REVIEW 

1.  Why  do  we  think  of  the  names  of  Hooper,  IIe\ve.s,  and  Penn 
together? 

2.  When  and  where  was  each  horn?     Describe  the  education  of 
each.     Where  did  each  settle  in  Xorth  Carolina? 

3.  Describe  the  political  services  of  Hooper  and  Ilewes. 

4.  How  did  they  aid  the  Boston  patriots? 

5.  What  did  Hooper  have  to  do  with  calling  the  first  Provincial 
Congress?     Whom  did  the  Congress  elect  as  delegates  to  the  Conti- 
nental Congress?     What  powers  were  given  these  delegates?     Who 
succeeded  Caswell  in  the  Continental  Congress?     When? 

0.  Describe  Hooper's  work  in  the  Continental  Congress. 

7.  Describe  Hewes'  work  in  the  Continental  Congress. 

8.  What  did  Hooper,  Hewes,  and  Penn  write  about  the   quarrel 
with  England? 

0.  What    did   Hooper   write   about    independence? 

10.  What  action  did  Mecklenburg  County  take0 

11.  When  Hooper  and  Penn  reached  Halifax,  what  did  they  learn 
about  the  feeling  of  the  people  toward  independence? 

12.  What  effect  did  the  Resolution  of  April  12  have  in  other  colo- 
nies? 

13.  Describe  Hooper's  last  days. 

14.  What  service  did  Hewes  render  to  Washington's  army?     Tell 
of  his  death. 


104  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

15.  What  were  the  "Articles  of  Confederation  and  Perpetual 
Union"?  Who  signed  them  for  North  Carolina? 

Hi.  Describe  Penn's  services  on  the  Board  of  War. 

17.  Write  a  summary  of  the  work  of  Hooper.  Of  Hewes.  Of 
Penn. 

QUESTIONS   FOR  SPECIAL  STUDY 

1.  What  act  of  James  Otis  placed  him  in  the  front  of  the  patriot 
leaders?     Of  Patrick  Henry?     Of  Richard  Henry  Lee? 

2.  Tell  the  story  of  John  Paul  Jones.     His  real  name  was  John 
Paul.     How  did  he  get  the  Jones? 

3.  The  Congress  at  Halifax,  April  12,  177(5,  did  not  try  to  declare 
North  Carolina  independent.      It  left  the  making  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  to  the  Continental  Congress?     Why? 


CHAPTER    IX 
RICHARD    CASWKLL 

The  Young  Surveyor.  In  174(5  Gabriel  Johnston 
was  governor  of  North  Carolina.  One  day  in  that 
year  a  young  man  rode  up  to  his  door  and  handed  him 
a  letter.  The  C.overnor  found  that  it  was  from  the 
Governor  of  [Maryland,  introducing  to  him  the  young 
man  who  had  brought  it.  lie  was  a  bright  young  fellow 
of  seventeen,  well-educated,  ambitious,  and  determined 
to  make  his  way  in  the  world.  Pie  was  already  a  skilful 
surveyor,  and  had  come  to  North  Carolina  to  seek  work. 
Good  surveyors  were  needed  in  the  province1,  so  Governor 
Johnston  gave  the  young  stranger  a  hearty  welcome. 
How  little  he  thought  that  he  was  welcoming  a  man  who 
would  afterwards  be  chosen  governor  of  North  Carolina 
seven  times! 

This  young  surveyor  was  Richard  Caswell.  He  was 
born  in  Maryland,  August  3,  1729.  His  father,  who  had 
been  a  merchant,  had  failed  in  business,  so  young  Caswell 
had  to  start  out  early  to  make  his  own  living.  He  had 
probably  heard  that  every  year  thousands  of  people 
were  moving  into  North  Carolina,  where  good  land  was 
plentiful  and  cheap.  So  he  thought  that  North  Carolina 
would  be  a  good  place  for  a  surveyor. 

Caswell  Becomes  Deputy-Surveyor.  —  He  was  not 
mistaken.  There  was  plenty  of  work  for  him  to  do, 

105 


106  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

and  he  was  successful  from  the  very  first.  Within 
two  years  he  had  made  enough  to  purchase  for  himself 
more  than  three  thousand  acres  of  land  in  Johnston 
and  Anson  counties.  Governor  Johnston  was  so  much 
pleased  with  young  Caswell's  work  that  he  appointed 
him  deputy-surveyor  of  the  province.  This  was  a 
very  important  office  and  the  duties  were  difficult. 
Every  year  thousands  of  acres  were  being  bought  by 
immigrants,  and  the  deputy-surveyor  had  to  mark  off 
the  tracts  and  show  the  people  where  their  lands  were. 

It  was  hard  work  and  full  of  danger.  Frequently 
Caswell's  duties  carried  him  deep  down  into  the  forests 
where  bears,  panthers,  wolves,  and  other  wild  beasts 
were  plentiful.  Sometimes,  too,  he  had  to  enter  the 
wilderness  where  Indians  still  roamed  and  hunted.  But 
it  was  good  training  for  him.  It  hardened  his  muscles, 
taught  him  to  endure  hardships,  and  gave  him  steady 
nerves  and  keen  eyes.  He  learned  the  ways  of  the 
forests,  and  these  lessons  he  afterwards  put  to  good  use 
in  the  service  of  his  country. 

Caswell  Is  Elected  to  the  Assembly.  —  Caswell's 
work  brought  him  in  close  touch  with  the  people,  and 
he  soon  became  well  known  in  the  colony.  In  1752 
his  friend  Governor  Johnston  died,  and  two  years  later 
Arthur  Dobbs  became  governor.  In  the  same  year 
Caswell  was  elected  to  represent  Johnston  county  in  the 
Assembly.  He  remained  a  member  of  the  Assembly 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution.  In  1770  and 
again  in  1771,  he  was  elected  speaker. 

A  Champion  of  Liberty.  —  In  the  Assembly  Caswell 
was  a  strong  champion  of  the  liberties  of  the  people, 
and  stood  with  Harvey,  Harriett,  Hooper,  and  Hewes 


r.\s\vKi.L  107 

in  their  contests  for  self-government.  lie  voted  for 
laws  to  make  the  courts  better.  He  wanted  none  but 
learned  lawyers  to  be  judges.  He  thought  the  judges 
ought  to  be  required  to  hold  court  in  different  parts  of 
the  province,  instead  of  in  the  same  place  all  the  time, 
so  the  people  would  not  have  to  travel  so  far  to  attend 
them.  He  worked  hard,  too,  for  improvements  in  the 
colony.  He  voted  for  money  to  build  forts  on  the 
western  frontier  and  to  raise1  soldiers  to  march  under 
Colonel  Waddell  against  the  French  and  Indians.  He 
worked  to  establish  silk  industries,  to  improve  agricul- 
ture, and  to  increase  the  trade  of  the  province. 

A  Champion  of  Law  and  Order. -- Though  Caswell 
was  a  champion  of  liberty,  he  was  also  a  champion  of 
law  and  order.  When  the  Regulators  refused  to  obey 
the  laws,  and  began  to  abuse  the  officers  and  destroy 
people's  property,  Caswell  was  in  favor  of  punishing 
them.  Like  Harvey  and  Harnett,  he  urged  (lovernor 
Tryon  who  had  succeeded  Governor  Dobbs,  to  call  out 
the  militia  to  put  down  the  Regulators  and  compel  them 
to  obey  the  laws.  Tryon  appointed  him  a  colonel 
in  his  army,  and  Caswell  marched  with  him  to 
Alamance. 

At  the  battle  of  Alamance,  May  16,  1771,  Colonel 
Caswell  led  the  right  wing  of  Tryon's  army.  The 
Regulators  were  badly  beaten,  and  some  of  their  leaders 
punished.  But  most  of  them  were  pardoned  upon 
promising  to  obey  the  laws  and  keep  order.  In  this 
battle  Caswell  showed  himself  to  be  a  brave  and  skilful 
officer,  and  won  praises  from  Governor  Tryon.  He 
learned  some  lessons  in  war  that  he  afterwards  put  into 
practise  in  a  way  that  Tryon  liked  little  enough. 


108 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


ARMS  USED  IN  REVOLTTJIOXARY  WAR 

(Muskets,  pistols,  powder  horns,  bullet  pouch, 

canteen) 


Caswell  Opposes  the  King.  —  After  the  battle  of 
Alamance,  Tryon  became  governor  of  Xew  York,  and 
Josiah  Martin  was  appointed  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina. At  this  time  the  quarrel  with  the  King  was 
becoming  more  and  more  serious.  In  all  the  contests 
with  the  Governor  and  the  King,  Caswell  took  the  side 

of  the  people.  He 
was  often  on  commit- 
tees to  draw  addresses 
for  the  Assembly.  In 
1773,  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of 
the  Committee  of 
Correspondence.  He 
was  a  member  of  the 
first  Provincial  Con- 
gress in  August,  1774,  and  by  that  Congress  was  elected 
one  of  the  delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress. 

Caswell's  Journey  to  Philadelphia.  —  Caswell  set 
out  for  Philadelphia,  September  3,  1774.  He  kept 
an  interesting  account  of  his  journey.  How  different 
traveling  was  in  1774  from  what  it  is  now!  Caswell 
rode  all  the  way  to  Philadelphia  on  horseback.  It 
took  him  twelve  days  to  make  the  trip.  Some  days 
he  rode  only  sixteen  miles,  and  the  longest  distance  he 
made  in  any  one  day  was  forty-eight  miles.  His  horse 
gave  out,  and  at  Petersburg,  Virginia,  he  had  to  buy 
another. 

He  usually  stopped  for  his  meals  and  night's  rest  at 
public  taverns,  but  sometimes  he  was  entertained  in  the 
homes  of  planters.  At  Philadelphia  he  received  many 
invitations  to  dine,  but  he  did  not  neglect  his  duties  in 


IMCIIAKI)    C.\S\Vi:i,L  109 

Congress.  He  paid  close  attention  to  the  work  of  the 
Congress,  and  when  he  returned  home  the  Congress  of 
North  Carolina  thanked  him  and  the  other  delegates 
for  their  services. 

The  Uprising  of  the  People.  --Caswell  was  also 
elected  a  delegate  to  the  Second  Continental  Con- 
gress, which  met  at  Philadelphia,  May  10,  1775.  This 
time  Caswell  and  Ilewes  made  the  journey  together. 
As  they  rode  along  the  road,  they  met  riders  on  fleet 
horses,  hearing  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington. 
They  now  pushed  on  as  fast  as  possible,  for  this  news 
made  them  more  than  ever  eager  to  reach  Philadelphia. 
They  knew  that  war  had  now  begun  in  earnest.  All 
along  their  route  they  found  the  people  greatly  excited. 
Everywhere  companies  of  soldiers  were  marching,  drill- 
ing, and  practising  for  war. 

Caswell  and  Ilewes  learned  that  a  few  miles  ahead  of 
them  were  the  Virginia  delegates  on  their  way  to  Phila- 
delphia. All  along  the  route  they  passed  "  armed  men 
who  had  been  to  escort  the  delegates  of  Virginia."  So 
they  spurred  up  their  horses  to  overtake  the  Virginians. 
At  the  Potomac  river  the  militia  was  drawn  up  under 
arms  to  receive  them.  The  soldiers  escorted  the  Caro- 
linians for  some  distance  "  with  all  the  honors  due  to 
general  officers."  At  Port  Tobacco,  Maryland,  they 
overtook  the  Virginians,  after  which  they  all  traveled 
together,  escorted  by  armed  troops. 

At  Baltimore  great  honors  were  paid  to  the  Virginia 
and  Carolina  delegates.  The  Maryland  troops,  in  their 
gayest  uniforms,  marched  out  to  be  reviewed  by  one  of 
the  Virginians.  This  was  Colonel  George  Washington. 
Caswell  was  deeply  interested  in  all  these  military  dis- 


110  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

plays,  and  wrote  that  the  Maryland  soldiers  performed 
"  their  exercises  extremely  clever."  After  the  review 
all  the  delegates  were  "very  genteelly  entertained  at  the 
court-house." 

The  Carolina  and  Virginia  delegates  were  now  joined 
by  the  Maryland  delegates.  They  reached  Philadelphia 
about  midday,  May  9.  Congress  met  the  next  day. 
As  everybody  now  realized  that  the  Americans  would 
have  to  fight  for  their  liberties,  Congress  promptly  took 
charge  of  the  American  army  at  Boston,  and  elected 
George  Washington  commander-in-chief.  The  whole 
country  was  in  great  excitement.  From  Philadelphia 
Caswell  wrote:  "  Here  a  greater  martial  spirit  prevails 
if  possible  than  I  have  been  describing  in  Virginia  and 
Maryland."  "  The  men,"  he  said,  "  march  out  to  the 
Common  and  go  through  their  exercises  twice  a  day 
regularly;  scarce  anything  but  warlike  music  is  to  be 
heard  in  the  streets.  'Tis  said  they  will  in  a  few  days 
have  3,000  men  under  arms  ready  to  defend  their 
liberties." 

Caswell  Takes  the  Field.  —  The  martial  excitement 
stirred  Caswell' s  fighting  blood,  and  he  was  eager 
to  take  the  field.  He  wrote  to  his  son  urging  him  to 
raise  a  company  in  Dobbs '  county.  "Reject  none," 
he  said,  "  who  will  not  discredit  the  company.  If  I  live 
to  return  I  will  cheerfully  join  any  of  my  countrymen, 
even  as  a  rank  and  file  man.  I  am  here  exposed  to 
danger.  But  I  shall  not  shun  any  danger  whilst  I  have 
blood  in  my  veins,  but  freely  offer  it  in  support  of  the 
liberties  of  my  country.  You,  my  dear  boy,  must 

1  Afterwards  divided  into  Lenoir  ;ind  (.Irceno.  Cuswell  lived  in  the 
part  no\v  embraced  in  Lenoir. 


HK'IIAKI)    CASWKLL  111 

\ 

become  a  soldier  and  risk  your  life  in  support  of  those 

blessings  which,  if  once  lost,  we  shall   never  be  able  to 

regain." 

Caswell  had  to  wait  but.  a  short  time  before  North 
Carolina  called  for  his  services  in  the  field.  The  Con- 
gress of  North  Carolina  met  at  Hillsboro  in  August, 
1775,  and  decided  to  raise  4,000  soldiers  for  the  defens  > 
of  the  colonies.  Caswell,  on  account  of  his  services  at 
Alamance,  was  already  regarded  as  one  of  North  Caro- 
lina's best  soldiers.  So  the  Congress  elected  him  a  colonel 
in  the  new  army.  He  at  once  returned  from  Philadelphia 
to  take  command  of  his  regiment.  He  worked  hard  to 
get  his  men  prepared  for  wrar,  and  before  many  months 
had  passed  he  had  them  ready  to  march  against  the 
Highlanders  at  Moore's  Creek  Bridge.  • 

The  March  of  the  Highlanders.  —  The  Scotch  High- 
landers, who  lived  on  the  (Jape  Fear  river  around 
Cross  Creek,  were  nearly  all  on  the  King's  side.  In 
1776  Governor  Martin,  commanded  them  to  form  com- 
panies and  march  down  the  river  to  meet  him  at  Wil- 
mington. He  promised  that  he  would  join  them  there 
with  10,000  British  soldiers,  under  Sir  Henry  Clinton 
and  Lord  Cornwallis.  With  the  aid  of  the  Highlanders 
he  expected  to  conquer  North  Carolina  and  crush  the 
rebellion  in  the  very  beginning. 

Nearly  2.000  Highlanders  gathered  at  Cross  Creek  in 
February,  1776.  They  were  all  well  armed  and  in  high 
spirits,  for  they  expected  to  win  an  easy  victory  over  the 
rebels.  So  they  marched  out  of  the  little  village  toward 
Wilmington,  with  drums  beating  and  bagpipes  playing, 
singing  their  old  Scotch  songs. 

But  the  Whigs  were  on  the  lookout.     The  Highlanders 


112  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

soon  found  General  James  Moore,  with  1,100  Whig 
soldiers,  blocking  the  way.  Then  they  turned  back, 
crossed  the  Cape  Fear  river,  and  took  another  road  to 
Wilmington.  But  when  they  reached  the  bridge  over 
Moore's  Creek  they  found  it  guarded  by  1,100  patriots. 
They  were  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Caswell  and 
Colonel  Alexander  Lillington.  The  Highlanders  had 
now  either  to  fight  or  give  up  their  attempt  to  get  to 
Wilmington.  They  were  too  brave  to  give  up,  so  they 
prepared  for  the  battle. 

The  Battle  of  Moore's  Creek  Bridge.  —  At  day- 
break, February  27,  1776,  they  marched  out  to  attack 
the  Americans.  Their  leader  was  General  Donald  Mac- 
Donald,  but  he  was  too  ill  to  take  part  in  the  battle. 
So  they  were  led  to  battle  by  Donald  McLeod.  Their 
battle-cry  was:  "  King  George  and  broadswords!  "  The 
signal  for  the  attack  to  begin  was  to  be  three  cheers, 
the  drums  to  beat  and  the  pipes  to  play.  McLeod 
led  the  charge.  When  he  reached  the  bridge,  nobody 
was  to  be  seen,  and  he  thought  the  Americans  had 
run  away  during  the  night.  So  calling  upon  his  men  to 
follow,  he  started  across  the  bridge.  Then  somebody 
cried  out: 

"  Who  goes  there?  " 

"  A  friend,"  replied  McLeod. 

"  A  friend  to  whom?  "  asked  the  other. 

"  To  the  King,"  replied  the  Highlander. 

Then  all  was  silence.  McLeod  raised  his  gun,  fired, 
gave  three  cheers,  and  dashed  across  the  bridge.  The 
Whigs  then  opened  fire.  The  brave  McLeod  fell  dead. 
His  men  tried  to  cross,  but  as  fast  as  they  rushed  on  the 
bridge  thev  were  shot  down.  More  than  thirl v  of  the 


KICHARI)    CASWKIJ,  113 

bravest  it'll  into  the  creek.  Then  the  others  lost  heart, 
turned  and  (led.  Caswell  commanded  his  men  to  follow. 
They  overtook  the  Highlanders,  killed  a  few  and  captured 
a  largo  number.  It  was  a  complete  victory.  The  Whigs 
lost  only  one  man.  They  captured  *.">()  of  the  Highland- 
ei's,  !")()  swords,  1,500  rifles,  1")  wagons  with  all  their 
provisions  and  horses,  and  Cl  ">,()()()  in  gold. 

Caswell  and  Lillington  had  won  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant victories  of  the  war.  They  had  saved  North 
Carolina  from  conquest,  and  probably  Virginia,  South 
Carolina,  and  (leorgia.  Tin4  patriots  were  overjoyed  at 
their  success.  Nearly  ten  thousand  men  sprang  to 
arms,  and  when  Clinton  and  Cornwallis  came  with  their 
great  army  they  did  not  dare  to  land.  So  they  sailed 
away  to  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  where  they  were 
badly  beaten.  The  Highlanders  did  not  try  to  help  the 
King  again.  They  were  glad  enough  to  remain  at  home 
quietly.  The  North  Carolina  Congress  thanked  Caswell 
and  his  brave  men  for  their  great  victory,  and  soon  after- 
wards made  Caswell  a  general. 

xCaswell  Is  Elected  Governor. --- The  victory  at 
Moore's  Creek  Bridge,  as  we  have  already  seen,  caused 
the  Congress  on  April  12  to  declare  in  favor  of  a 
Declaration  of  Independence.  In  December,  1770,  the 
new  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  was  adopted.  Con- 
gress then  elected  the  first  officers  of  the  independent 
State.  When  the  members  came  to  choose  a  governor, 
all  eyes  turned  to  the  victor  of  Moore's  Creek  Bridge. 
So  December  20,  177(>,  Richard  Caswell  was  elected  the 
first  governor  of  North  Carolina  independent  of  Creat 
Britain.  lie  was  to  serve  only  until  the  Legislature 
could  meet  and  elect  a  governor  for  the  regular  term. 


114 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


The  Legislature  met  in  April,  1777,  and  at  once  elected 
Caswell  governor.  No  other  man  has  ever  been  chosen 
governor  of  North  Carolina  as  often  as  Caswell.  At 
that  time  the  governor  served  only  one  year  unless  he 
was  re-elected.  Caswell  was  first  elected  in  1776,  and 
afterwards  was  re-elected  six  times.  From  1777  to  1780 

his  attention  was  given 
chiefly  to  the  war.  He  had 
to  raise  men  for  the  army, 
to  see  that  they  were  sup- 
plied with  arms,  ammu- 
nition, food,  and  clothes. 
While  he  was  governor  he 
had  gun  factories  estab- 
lished, and  powder  mills 
erected.  He  sent  out  ships 
to  the  West  Indies  to  pur- 
chase supplies  for  the  sol- 
diers. 

Governor  Caswell  not  only 
worked  hard  to  keep  a  good 
army  in  the  field,  but  he  also 
worked  to  keep  up  the  spirits 
of  the  people  during  the  dark  days  of  the  Revolution. 
His  own  son  was  a  soldier.  To  him  Caswell  wrote  that 
he  must  "  put  up  with  hardships,  fatigues,  and  incon- 
veniences which  others  may  shudder  at."  "  Let 
virtue,  honor,  and  prudence  conduct  you."  The  Con- 
stitution provided  that  no  man  could  be  governor 
more  than  three  years  in  succession.  When  Caswell 
retired  in  1780,  the  Assembly  thanked  him  for  his  great 
services  to  the  State. 


CANNON  PURCHASED    BY   GOVERNOR 

CASWELL  DURING  REVOLUTION 
(Now  in  Capitol  Square  at  Raleigh) 

Inscription  on  the  Tablet 
Bought  in  France  by  Richard  Caswell 

Mounted  at  Edenton,  1778 

Re-mounted  1871.  Captured  by  U.S.  Force 

1802.      Trunnion  broken  off 

Presented  by  Edenton  to  the 

State  of  North  Carolina,  1 !)().'} 


RICHARD   CASWKLL  Ho 

The  Dark  Days  of  the  Revolution.  --  In  1779  a 
largo  British  army  was  sent  to  conquer  the  South- 
ern States.  The  patriots  of  Georgia,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  North  Carolina,  made  great  exertions  to  meet 
the  enemy.  The  Legislature  gave  General  Caswell 
command  of  all  the  North  Carolina  militia,  with  the 
rank  of  major-general.  When  General  Gates  came 
to  take  command  of  all  the  American  armies  in  the 
South,  General  Caswell  marched  to  join  him.  At 
Camden,  South  Carolina,  the  Americans  were  badly 
beaten  because  Gates  would  not  follow  Caswell's 
advice. 

The  next  year  the  British  invaded  North  Carolina. 
Everything  looked  dark  and  gloomy  for  the  patriots. 
The  British  captured  Wilmington,  Charlotte,  and  Hills- 
boro.  The  American  army  under  General  Greene  was 
forced  to  retreat  with  the  British  under  Cornwallis  right 
on  its  heels.  Then  the  Legislature  again  turned  to 
Caswell  to  defend  the  State. 

Never  did  a  man  work  harder  for  his  country.  Caswell 
collected  men  and  supplies  and  sent  them  to  General 
Greene's  assistance.  After  a  time  Greene  was  strong 
enough  to  turn  on  Cornwallis.  At  Guilford  Court- 
house the  two  armies  met  in  one  of  the  hardest  fought 
battles  of  the  war.  General  Greene  was  driven  from  the 
field  but  his  army  was  ready  the  next  day  for  another 
trial  with  the  British.  Cornwallis  claimed  the  victory, 
but  his  army  was  so  badly  damaged  that  he  did  not  dare 
attack  Greene  again.  He  retreated  hurriedly  to  Wilming- 
ton, and  then  marched  to  Yorktown,  Virginia,  where 
Washington  pounced  down  upon  him  and  captured  his 
whole  army. 


116 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Caswell  Elected  Governor  Again.  —  Caswell's  skill 
and  bravery,  and  his  willingness  to  make  sacrifices 
for  the  good  of  the  country,  had  made  him  one  of  the 
most  popular  men  in  the  State.  He  was  frequently 


(\orth  Sii/e] 
The  people  of 
North  Carolina 
have  erected  this 
monument  in  grate- 
ful remembrance  of 
the  eminent  .service 
of  Richard  Caswell, 
the  first  Governor 
under  a  free  Con- 
stitution 


MOXUMKXT   TO    RlCHAP.i)    (\VS\VELL     AT    KlXSTOX 

IXSCRIPTIOXS 

[West  Si>l,\  [South  NiW<] 

.lied   to  Member 

vincial    ( 


He  wa 

the  head  of  affairs 
in  North  Carolina 
in  the  darkest  hour 
of  tli"  strutrjrlc  with 
Great  Britain  I  <>  r 
independence,  lie 
Have  his  s  e  r  v  i  c  !• 
without  stint  and 
without  compensa- 
tion 


elected  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  and  was  also  elected 
speaker.  In  17S4,  he  was  again  elected  governor  and 
served  three  years.  While  he  was  governor,  North 
Carolina  was  asked  to  send  delegates  to  a  convention  in 
Philadelphia,  in  ITS",  to  form  a  better  government  for 
the  United  States.  Caswell  was  chosen  one  of  the 
delegates  for  North  Carolina. 

'An  error,     lie  was  elected  seven  times. 


niciiAiM)  CAS\VI:I.I,  1 17 

CaswelJ  thought  sonic  chtuigos  ought  to  he  made  in 
tlie  Articles  of  Confederation  and  was  in  favor  of  a  con- 
vention. But  he  did  not  think  that  he  ought  to  leave 
the  State1  for  such  a  long  time  while  In1  was  governor. 
So  he  appointed  "William  Blount.  to  go  in  his  place. 
After  tlu1  new  Constitution  of  the  I'nited  States  was 
prepared  by  the  Convention,  he  urged  that  it  should  he 
adopted  by  North  Carolina.  But  at  first,  in  1 TSS, 
North  Carolina  rejected  it.  and  it  was  not  adopted  in 
this  State  until  after  Caswell's  death. 

CaswelPs  Death.  In  17S',)  Caswell  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  North  Carolina  Senate.  But  the  days 
of  his  public  services  were  now  about  over.  Soon  after 
the  Assembly  met,  he  was  taken  sick,  and  a  few  days 
later  died  (November  10,  ITS!)).  The  news  of  his  death 
was  received  with  groat  sorrow  throughout  the  State. 
The  Assembly  appointed  a  special  committee  to  arrange 
for  the  funeral,  and  then  adjourned  in  honor  to  his  mem- 
ory. His  body  was  taken  to  his  home  near  Kinston, 
and  buried.  At  Kinston  a  monument  has  boon  erected 
to  his  memory,  and  one  of  the  counties  of  the  State  was 
named  in  his  honor. 

CF.OGHAPIIY   S'lTDY 

1.  On  liis  journey  to  the  first  Continental  Congress  Caswell  took 
the   following   route:   Kinston    to  Nahunta  (near  the  present   town  of 
Snow   Hill),    Knfield.    Halifax,    Petersburg.    Ya.,    Kiehinoiid,    Hanover 
Court-house,    Port    Tobacco,    Baltimore,    Md..   Wilmington,    Del.,    to 
Philadelphia.     Trace  his  route  on  your   maps,    naming   the   counties 
that  he  passed  through  in  North  Carolina,  and  the  rivers  in  all  the 
colonies. 

2.  Dobbs  county  was  what  is  now  Lenoir  and  Greene.     Describe 
their  situation. 


118  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

3.  What  part  of  North  Carolina  was  settled  by  the  Scotch  High- 
landers?    Describe  the  situation  of  Moore's  Creek  with  reference  to 
Cross  Creek  (Fayetteville)  and  Wilmington. 

4.  Trace  the  line  of  Gates's  retreat  from  Camden,  S.  C.,  to  Char- 
lotte, Salisbury,  Hillsboro. 

5.  What  part  of  North  Carolina  was  settled  principally  between 
1746  and  1776?     (In  answering  this  question  consider  the  new  coun- 
ties formed  during  those  years  and  their  location). 

REVIEW 

1.  When  and  where  was  Richard  Caswell  born?     Why  did  he  come 
to  North  Carolina? 

2.  What  was  his  profession?     To  what  office  did  Governor  John- 
ston appoint  him?     Describe  his  work  as  deputy-surveyor.     Why  was 
it  good  training  for  him? 

3.  Describe  his  work  in  the  Assembly. 

4.  How  did  he  help  Governor  Tryon  preserve  law  and  order? 

5.  Which  side  did  he  take  in  the  quarrel  between  the  colonies  and 
the  King?     To  what  important  places  was  he  chosen  by  the  Assembly? 

6.  Describe  C  as  well's  first  journey  to  the  Continental  Congress. 

7.  Describe  the  journey  of  Caswell  and  Hewes  to  the  Continental 
Congress. 

8.  What  did  Caswell  write  to  his  son  about  the  war?     To  what 
military  position  did  the  Assembly  choose  him? 

9.  Describe  the  march  of  the  Highlanders. 

10.  Give  an  accounc  of  the  battle  of  Moore's  Creek  Bridge.     What 
were  the  chief  results  of  this  battle? 

11.  Who  was  the  first  governor  of  North  Carolina  independent  of 
Great   Britain?     When  was  he  elected?     How  many  times  was   he 
elected? 

12.  What  were  Caswell's  principal  duties  as  governor? 

13.  Describe  Caswell's  services  during  the  dark  days  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

14.  What  did  Caswell  think  about  adopting  a  new  Constitution 
for  the  United  States? 

15.  Tell  of  his  last  services  and  death. 

16.  Write  on  the  blackboard  a  brief  summary  of  his  life. 


RICHARD   CASWF.LL  110 

(JI'KSTIONS    FOR   Sl'FCIAL   STFDY 

1.   TIo\v  long  \v:is  Caswell  in  (lie  (leneral  Assembly? 

'_'.  \Vliat  improvements  in  the  courts  favored  \>y  him  do  we  now 
have? 

li.  By  wlial  right  did  the  Continental  Congress  exercise  authority 
over  the  colonists?  Did  all  the  people  recognize  its  authority? 

4.  Why  did  the  Scotch  Highlanders  take;  the  Kind's  side  in  the 
Revolution?  So  did  most  of  the  Regulators.  Why? 

">.  Why  was  Cape  Fear  the  best  place  for  Covernor  Martin  to 
make  his  first  attack  on  Xorth  Carolina? 

(i.   How  much  would   Cl. ">,()()()  amount  to  in  United  States  money? 

7.  Describe  the  effects  of  the  victory  at  Moore's  Creek  Bridge 
in  North  Carolina  and  the  other  Southern  colonies. 


CHAPTER   X 
CLEVELAND,  SHELBY,  AND   SEVIER 

Life  on  the  Carolina  Frontier.  --  The  boy  who  grew 
up  on  the  frontier  of  North  Carolina  before  the  Revo- 
lution became  used  to  hardships  and  dangers.  His 
home  was  surrounded  by  great  forests.  If  he  went  out 
to  chase  a  rabbit  or  to  shoot  a  squirrel,  he  never  knew 
but  that  he  might  run  into  the  den  of  a  savage  old  bear,  or 
look  up  suddenly  into  the  glaring  eyes  of  a  fierce  panther. 
When  he  lay  down  at  night  to  sleep,  he  never  knew  but 
that  he  might  soon  be  waked  by  the  glare  of  his  burn- 
ing cabin  or  the  wild  war-whoops  of  painted  savages. 
His  life  was  full  of  excitement  and  narrow  escapes. 

Such  a  life  called  for  steady  nerves,  quick  sight,  pres- 
ence of  mind,  and  strength  of  limbs  and  body.  The 
man  who  would  live  on  the  frontier  must  be  keen  on  the 
trail  of  man  and  beast.  He  must  know  how  to  trap,  to 
hunt,  and  to  fight,  and  he  must  be  able  to  do  these  things 
well.  He  may  have  learned  but  little  out  of  books,  but 
he  learned  much  about  the  woods  and  the  streams,  the 
birds  and  the  beasts,  and  he  knew  all  the  tricks  of  the 
Indians.  To  keep  silence,  to  shoot  straight,  and  to  hit 
hard  were  among  his  first  lessons.  Such  was  the  early 
training  of  Benjamin  Cleveland,  Isaac  Shelby,  John 
Sevier.  and  the  other  "  Heroes  of  King's  Mountain." 

Benjamin  Cleveland.  Benjamin  Cleveland  was  born 

r_>o 


CLKYKLAXI),    SIIKLBY,    AM)    SKVIKK  121 

in  Virginia,  May  20,  17)}S.  Ho  grew  to  manhood  in  the 
backwoods  of  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina.  When  he 
was  thirty-one  years  old  ho  came  to  North  ( 'arolina  to 
make  his  homo.  Ho  selected  a  beautiful  spot  in  what  is 
now  Wilkos  county.  There  he  farmed,  raised  stock, 
and  fought  Indians.  His  favorite  amusements  wore 
horse-racing,  hunting,  and  fishing. 

During  the  Revolution  Cleveland  was  an  ardent  Whig. 
There  were  many  Tories  on  the  frontier  and  the  fight- 
ing between  them  and  the  Whigs  was  bitter  and  bloody. 
Many  cruel  deeds  were  done  by  both.  Colonel  Cleve- 
land was  one  of  the  most  active  Whig  loaders  on  the 
border.  His  soldiers  wore  proud  of  him.  They  admired 
his  good  humor,  his  hearty  greeting,  and  his  reckless 
courage.  He  weighed  over  three  hundred  pounds  and 
his  men  called  him  "  Old  Roundabout."  They  called 
themselves  "  Cleveland's  Bulldogs;"  but--  the  Tories 
called  them  "  Cleveland's  Devils." 

In  1771)  General  Griffith  Rutherford  led  an  army  across 
the  mountains  to  attack  the  Cherokee  Indians  who 
were  murdering  the  people  and  burning  their  homes. 
Cleveland  was  a  captain  in  Rutherford's  army.  For 
his  skill  and  bravery  he  was  made  a  colonel.  He 
rendered  good  service  to  the  American  cause  by  break- 
ing up  the  Tory  bands  that  scoured  the  frontier,  burning 
and  plundering.  He  even  marched  as  far  south  as 
Georgia  and  took  part  in  some  battles  against  the  regular 
British  army. 

Isaac  Shelby.  — One  of  Cleveland's  companions  was 
Colonel  Isaac  Shelby.  He  was  born  in  Maryland.  De- 
cember 11.  17f)0.  Ho  was  so  constantly  engaged  in  the 
Indian  wars  of  that  period  that,  like  Cleveland,  ho  did 


122 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


not  receive  much  of  an  education.  When  he  became 
twenty-one  years  of  age  his  father  sent  him  across  the 
Allegheny  Mountains  to  engage  in  stock-raising  on  the 
frontier.  In  1774  he  was  appointed  a 
lieutenant  in  the  militia  and  took  part 
in  several  battles  with  the  Indians. 
During  the  years  1775  and  1770 
Shelby  explored  the  wilds  of  Ken- 
tucky, then  a  part  of  Virginia. 

While  he  was  engaged  in  this  work 
the  Revolution  broke  out.  Governor 
Patrick  Henry,  of  Virginia,  appointed 
him  a  captain  in  the  Virginia  militia. 
Later  Shelby  was  appointed  to  run 
the  boundary  line  between  Xorth 
Carolina  and  Virginia.  Pie  ran  the 
line  westward  between  what  is  now 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  At  that  time  Kentucky  was 
part  of  Virginia,  and  Tennessee  was  part  of  Xorth 
Carolina.  After  running  the  line,  Shelby  found  that  his 
home  was  on  the  Xorth  Carolina  side.  So  Governor 
Caswell  appointed  him  a  colonel  in  the  Xorth  Carolina 
militia. 

John  Sevier.  —  Another  bold  frontiersman  of  the 
Revolution  was  John  Sevier.  He  also  lived  in  that  part 
of  Xorth  Carolina  which  is  now  in  Tennessee.  Sevier 
was  born  September  23,  1745,  in  Virginia.  AVhen  he 
was  only  ten  years  old,  his  home  was  burned  by  the 
Indians.  For  several  years  there  was  war  all  the  time 
with  the  Indians,  and  Sevier  became  one  of  the  most 
famous  Indian  fighters  on  the  frontier.  It  is  said  that 
he  defeated  the  Indians  in  thirtv-five  battles. 


ISAAC  SHELBY 


CLKVKLAXl),    SHKI.BY,    AM)    SKYIF.R 


123 


When  he  was  twenty-seven  years  old,  lie  moved  into 
the  western  settlements  of  North  Carolina.  His  plan- 
tation was  in  what  was  called  the  Dis- 
triet  of  Washington,  on  the  Wat  align 
and  Xoliehucky  rivers.  Sevier  soon 
became  the  leading  man  in  the  settle- 
ment. His  friends  called  him  "  Noli- 
chucky  Jack."  In  1770  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Congress  of  North 
( 'arolina  that  met  at  Halifax. 

"Nolichucky  Jack"  and  "Bonnie 
Kate."  During  one  of  the  Indian 
wars  on  the  frontier  the  whites  were  compelled  to  take 
refuge1  in  a  fort.  A  large  number  of  women  and  children 
were  among  them.  For  several  days  nothing  was  seen 
of  any  Indians,  and  everybody  began  to  hope  that  they 
had  gone  away.  One  day  some  of  the  girls' slipped  out 
of  the  fort  to  gather  wild  flowers.  As  they  laughed  and 
talked  and  enjoyed  their  freedom  they  strayed  farther 
and  farther  from  the  fort. 

Suddenly  they  heard  a  cry  that  sent  them  scamper- 
ing back  to  the  fort  for  their  very  lives.  "  The  Indians! 
The  Indians!  Run,  run  for  your  lives!"  Crack!  crack! 
went  the  rifles  of  the  men  on  guard.  The  frightened 
girls  flew  over  the  ground,  and  all  but  one  got  safely 
through  the  gate.  When  this  girl  saw  that  she  could  not 
reach  the  gate  safely,  she  ran  for  another  part  of  the  fort. 
There  stood  a  tall  backwoodsman,  rifle  in  hand,  and 
every  time  his  rifle  cracked,  an  Indian  tumbled  over. 
The  girl  sprang  to  the  wall,  scrambled  over,  and  fell 
safely  into  this  frontiersman's  brawny  arms. 

This  girl's  name  was  Catherine  Sherrill.  but  her  friends 


124  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

called  her  "  Bonnie  Kate."  The  tall  backwoodsman 
was  "  Nolichucky  Jack."  Afterward  there  was  great 
rejoicing  and  dancing  in  the  settlement  when  "  Bonnie 
Kate  "  and  "  Nolichucky  Jack  "  were  married. 

The  Rising  of  the  Backwoodsmen.  —  One  day  a  mes- 
senger reached  the  backwoods  settlements  with  news 
that  a  British  army  was  marching  in  that  direction. 
This  army  was  composed  of  1200  British  and  Tories. 
Its  commander  was  Major  Patrick  Ferguson,  who  was 
one  of  Lord  Cornwallis's  best  officers.  Major  Ferguson 
sent  word  to  the  backwoodsmen  that  if  they  did  not  stop 
sending  aid  to  the  rebels  of  North  Carolina  and  South 
Carolina,  he  would  cross  the  mountains  and  destroy 
their  settlements.  But  he  little  knew  what  sort  of  men 
Benjamin  Cleveland,  Isaac  Shelby,  John  Sevier,  and 
their  followers  were.  As  soon  as  they  heard  that  Fergu- 
son was  near  them,  they  decided  not  to  wait  for  his 
arrival,  but  to  go  out  and  meet  him. 

So  the  leaders  sent  scouts  all  through  the  mountains 
calling  on  the  people  to  rise  up  in  defense  of  their  homes. 
Old  men  and  young  boys,  hunters  and  farmers,  snatched 
their  long  rifles  from  their  racks  and  hurried  to  the 
meeting  place.  Their  only  fear  was  that  all  the  fighting 
might  be  over  before  they  got  there.  At  Sycamore 
Shoals,  on  the  Watauga  Kiver,  about  1000  of  these  fear- 
less woodsmen  gathered.  There  were  400  Virginians 
under  Colonel  William  Campbell;  500  Xorth  Carolinians 
under  Colonel  Shelby  and  Colonel  Sevier;  and  1(50  Xorth 
Carolinians  under  Colonel  Joseph  McDowell.  After- 
ward they  were  joined  on  the  march  by  Colonel  Cleve- 
land with  400  men  from  Xorth  Carolina,  and  Colonel 
James  Williams  with  400  from  South  Carolina. 


CLEVELAND,    SHEUiY,    AM)    SKYIEU  12.~> 

"A  Crowd  of  Dirty  Mongrels."  It  \vas  a  ( nicer- 
looking  army.  The  men  had  no  bright  uniforms.  There 
were  no  flying  flags.  No  drum  beat  step  for  them  as 
they  marched.  Their  only  uniforms  were  coonskin 
caps,  buckskin  shirts,  fringed  loggings,  and  Indian  moc- 
casins. They  were  burdened  with  no  tents  or  baggage. 
Their  only  cover  at  night  was  the  starry  sky,  their  chief 
food  a  pocketful  of  parched  corn  for  each  man.  Hut 
every  man  rode  a  good  horse,  and  carried  a  sharp  hunt- 
ing-knife, a  tomahawk,  and  his  trusty  rifle.  There  was 
scarcely  a  man  in  that  little  army  who  could  not  send 
a  rifle-ball  through  the  head  of  a  squirrel  perched  on  the 
highest  limb.  They  were'  as  fleet  as  deer,  as  bold  as 
bears,  and  as  keen  as  Indians  on  the  trail.  Nearly  every 
man  of  them  had  been  in  battles  with  the  Indians  and 
knew  how  to  fight  "  Indian  fashion."  At  first  Fergu- 
son made  much  fun  of  this  queer  army  and  called  it 
"a  crowd  of  dirty  mongrels." 

Ferguson  Flees  to  King's  Mountain.  —  But  when  he 
learned  that  this  "  crowd  of  dirty  mongrels"  was  getting 
nearer  and  nearer,  Ferguson  began  to  think  that  he  had 
better  get  out  of  the  way.  So  he  turned  and  fled  in 
haste  to  the  top  of  King's  Mountain.  There  he  took 
a  strong  position  and  declared  that  all  the  rebels  in  the 
world  could  not  drive  him  off.  But  he  forgot  that  he 
was  dealing  with  men  who  were  used  to  climbing  moun- 
tains. 

Cleveland's  Speech.  —  Just  before  the  patriots  were 
ready  to  go  into  battle,  the  leaders  drew  their  men  up 
in  line  to  tell  them  their  plans.  Then  "  Old  Round- 
about "  Cleveland,  raising  his  coonskin  cap,  rode  it])  in 
front  and  said: 


126  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

"  Now,  my  brave  fellows,  I  have  come  to  tell  you  the 
news.  The  enemy  is  close  at  hand.  We  must  go  for 
him.  Now  is  the  time  for  every  man  to  show  what  kind 
of  a  man  he  is.  When  the  pinch  comes,  your  leaders 
will  be  right  with  you.  But  we  don't  want  anybody  to 
go  into  this  battle  who  wants  to  turn  back.  We  have 
no  place  for  cowards.  If  any  man  is  afraid  to  go  into 
this  fight  and  win  his  share  of  the  glory,  now  is  the 
time  for  him  to  back  out.  So  when  I  give  the  signal, 
all  who  want  to  back  out  can  take  three  steps  to  the 
rear.'' 

That  would,  indeed,  have  been  "  backing  out." 
But  "  Old  Roundabout  "  knew  his  men.  Not  a  one 
"  backed  out,"  but  all  cried  out  for  him  to  lead  them 
against  the  enemy. 

Shelby's  Speech. -- Then  up  rode  Colonel  Shelby. 
"I  am  proud  of  you,  my  fine  fellows,"  he  said.  "  I  am 
glad  to  see  you  so  determined  to  meet  your  enemy  and 
beat  him.  When  we  meet  the  British,  don't  wait  for 
your  officers  to  give  the  command.  Let  each  man  be 
his  own  officer,  and  do  the  best  he  can.  If  we  meet  them 
in  the  woods,  give  them  Indian  play.  Advance  from 
tree  to  tree,  and  pour  your  shots  into  them.  Your 
officers  will  shrink  from  no  danger,  but  will  be  in  the 
foremost  of  the  fight.  Come  on,  then,  my  gallant  boys, 
and  let  us  go  after  Ferguson." 

The  Battle  on  the  Mountain-top.  -  -  The  men  cheered 
their  leaders,  and  they  went  boldly  after  Ferguson. 
It  was  October  7,  1780.  Up  the  sides  of  King's  Moun- 
tain the  bold  pioneers  rushed.  As  they  advanced  from 
behind  trees  and  rocks  they  poured  a  deadly  fire  into 
the  British.  Ferguson  and  his  men  fought  bravely,  but 


CLKVKLAXD,    SIIKI.HY,    AND    SKYIKI! 


127 


they  were  no  match  for  the  backwoodsmen.  They  fell 
thick  and  fast  before  the  sure  aim  of  the  hunters  and 
Indian  lighters.  Ferguson  himself,  struck  by  several 
balls,  fell  from  his  horse,  dead.  Then  the  British  raised 
the  white  flag  and  surrendered  to  the  "  crowd  of  dirty 


BATTLE  OF  KIND'S  MOUNTAIN 

mongrels."  The  patriots  had  killed  nearly  400  of  their 
enemies  and  captured  more  than  700.  Of  their  own 
men  2S  were  killed  and  (50  wounded. 

A  Glorious  Victory.  —  Such  a  glorious  victory  had 
not  been  won  in  the  South  since  Caswell  had  beaten  the 
Highlanders  at  Moore's  Creek.  Lord  Cornwallis  was 
at  Charlotte  when  he  heard  the  gloomy  news.  He  saw 
at  once  that  North  Carolina  was  not  a  safe1  place  for  him, 
so  he  turned  and  fled  to  South  Carolina.  He  was  ter- 
ribly afraid  that  the  King's  Mountain  boys  were  coming 
after  him. 


128  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

But  the  King's  Mountain  boys  were  not  thinking  of 
Cornwallis.  After  their  victory  they  returned  to  their 
mountain  homes,  hung  their  rifles  again  in  the  racks 
over  the  great  fireplaces,  and  went  quietly  to  work. 
They  had  merely  done  what  they  had  set  out  to  do,  and 
had  done  it  well.  They  had  beaten  their  haughty 
enemy.  They  had  won  an  important  victory.  They 
had  saved  the  State.  And  yet  it  never  occurred  to  them 
that  they  were  heroes! 

Cleveland's  Last  Days.  -  -  After  the  Revolution 
Colonel  Cleveland  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  quietly.  He 
grew  so  fat  that  he  weighed  over  450  pounds  and  could 
not  get  about  easily.  Full  of  wit  and  good  humor,  he 
loved  a  good  story  and  always  welcomed  a  good  fellow 
to  his  house.  He  amused  himself  in  his  last  days  by 
sitting  on  his  porch  cracking  jokes  with  those  who 
passed  by.  In  October,  1800,  he  suddenly  died  while 
eating  his  breakfast. 

Shelby  Moves  to  Kentucky.  —  At  the  close  of  the  war 
Shelby  moved  to  the  settlements  founded  by  Daniel 
Boone  in  Kentucky.  He  took  an  important  part  in 
founding  the  new  State  of  Kentucky.  After  the  Con- 
stitution was  adopted,  he  was  chosen  the  first  governor. 
He  served  as  governor  for  four  years.  During  the  War 
of  1812  he  was  again  elected  governor  and  bent  all  his 
energies  toward  helping  the  United  States  win  the  vic- 
tory. In  1813  he  led  the  Kentucky  troops  on  an  expe- 
dition against  the  British  in  Canada,  and  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  the  Thames.  For  this  service  the  Congress 
of  the  United  States  voted  him  a  gold  medal. 

In  1818  President  Monroe  appointed  Governor  Shel- 
by secretary  of  war  for  the  United  States,  but  on  ac- 


CLl'AT.LAND.    SIIKU'.V,     AND    SKYM.Ii  12!) 

count  of  his  age  Shelby  declined.  He  died  July  IX, 
1820. 

The  State  of  Franklin.  After  the  Revolution  the 
people  of  the  District  of  Washington  became  discon- 
tented with  the  government  of  North  Carolina.  So 
they  set  up  a  new  State  which  they  called  the  "State  of 
Franklin,"  and  elected  John  Sevier  governor.  Hut  North 
Carolina  declared  that  Sevier  and  his  followers  were 
rebels  against  her.  Officers  who  were  sent  to  arrest  him 
brought  him  to  Alorgaiiton  to  be  tried  for  rebellion. 

A  Bold  Adventure.  --  Hut  we  may  be  sure  that  "  Hon- 
nie  Kate  "  would  not  rest  quietly  at  home  and  let  "  Noli- 
chucky  Jack  "  be  punished.  She  called  together  a  few 
of  his  best  friends  and  they  agreed  on  a  plan  to  rescue 
their  leader.  A  small  party  rode  all  the  way  from  the 
"  State  of  Franklin  ''  to  Morganton.  They  carried 
Sevier's  fleet  horse,  ready  bridled  and  saddled.  At 
Alorganton  a  large  crowd  gathered  to  hear  the  trial  of 
the  hero  of  King's  Mountain.  The  little  court-house 
was  packed.  Sevier's  friends  entered  quietly,  and  gave 
him  a  secret  sign.  Nobody  else  knew  who  they  were  or 
what  they  had  come  for. 

Suddenly  the  leader  stepped  out  in  front  of  the  judge 
and,  pointing  to  Sevier,  exclaimed  in  a  loud  voice: 

"  When  are  you  going  to  let  that  man  go?'' 

Everybody  sprang  up  in  surprise  and  confusion. 
Before  the  sheriff  realized  what  had  occurred,  Sevier  was 
out  of  the  door,  on  his  horse,  and  away  to  the  mountains 
as  fast  as  the  wind.  It  was  needless  to  try  to  catch  him.1 
Perhaps  the  people,  who  had  not  forgotten  his  services 


130  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

at  King's  Mountain,  did  not  want  him  to  be  caught. 
Anyhow  "  Xolichucky  Jack  "  was  soon  over  the  moun- 
tains kissing  his  brave  little  wife,  "  Bonnie  Kate,"  who 
was  glad  enough  to  see  him.  He  was  never  tried  for 
rebellion  because  the  Legislature  of  North  Carolina 
passed  a  law  that  he  should  be  pardoned  and  permitted 
to  go  free. 

Sevier's  Last  Days. -- The  "State  of  Franklin''  did 
not  last  long,  for  the  people  had  to  yield  to  the  authority 
of  North  Carolina.  But  afterward  North  Carolina  gave 
all  that  great  territory,  now  the  State  of  Tennessee,  to 
the  United  States.  Then  the  State  of  Tennessee  was 
formed,  and  Sevier  was  elected  governor.  The  people 
elected  him  governor  six  times.  They  also  elected  him 
to  Congress  three  times,  once  before  Tennessee  became  a 
State,  and  twice  afterwards.  When  he  died,  at  seventy 
years  of  age,  he  had  been  the  leader  of  the  Tennessee 
pioneers  for  more  than  forty  years. 

GEOGRAPHY   STUDY 

1.  Describe  the  situation  of  Wilkes  county.     Of  King's  Mountain. 
Of  Morganton.     Of  Joncsboro,  Tenn. 

2.  Trace  and  describe  the  course  of  the  Watauga  and  Xolichucky 
rivers. 

3.  Where  is  Cleveland  county?     What  is  its  county  seat? 

4.  Describe  the  character  of  the  country  through  which  tin;  "King's 
Mountain  Boys"  had  to  march. 

REVIEW 

1.  Describe  life  on  the  frontier  before  Hie  Revolution. 

2.  What  kind  of  education  was  needed  on  the  frontier? 

.'».  When  and  where  was  Benjamin  Cleveland  born?  Where  in 
North  Carolina,  did  he  settle?  What  were  his  chief  occupations  and 
amusements? 


CLFVFI.AND,  sm:i.i;y,   AND  SFVIFR          w\ 

•1.  Which  side  was  he  on  in  the  Revolution?  What  kind  of  war- 
fare did  he  wa^e?  What  did  his  soldiers  think  of  him?  What  was 
his  nickname? 

f>.  When  and  where  was  Isaac  Shelby  born?  Describe  his  earlv 
life.  What  service  did  he  perform  for  North  Carolina  and  Virginia? 
To  what  military  positions  was  he  appointed? 

ti.  When  and  where  was  .lohn  Sevier  born?  What  i-  said  of  him 
as  an  Indian  lighter?  Where  did  he  make  his  home?  What  did  his 
friends  call  him? 

7.   Tell  the  story  of  "Nolichucky  Jack"  and  "Bonnie  Kate." 

S.  Who  was  Patrick  Ferguson?  What  message  did  he  send  the 
backwoodsmen?  How  did  they  prepare  to  answer  it? 

U.    Describe  the  rising  of  the  backwoodsmen. 

10.  What   kind  of  an   army  did  they  make?     What  did   Ferguson 
call  them? 

11.  Where  did  he  seek  refuge?     Why'.' 

12.  Repeat     by    heart    Cleveland's    speech    to    his    men.      Shelby's 
speech. 

lo.    Describe  the  battle  of  Kind's  Mountain. 

14.  What  effect  did  this  battle  have  on  Lord  Cornwallis?  What 
did  the  frontiersmen  do  after  the  battle? 

!.">.    Describe  Cleveland's  last  day-. 

ID.  What  services  did  Shelby  render  the  State  of  Kentucky?  The 
United  State.-? 

17.  What  was  the  "State  of  Franklin"?  What  part  did  Sevier  take 
in  it?  What  did  North  Carolina  say  and  do  about  it? 

I'Y    De-cribe  the  rescue  of  Sevier. 

lit.   W'hat  services  did  lie  render  the  State  of  Tennessee? 


CHAPTER   XI 
WILLIAM   RICHARDSON   DAYIE 

How  an  English  Boy  Became  an  American.  —  One 

day  in  1763  a  tall  stranger  rode  into  the  Waxhaw  settle- 
ment of  South  Carolina  and  asked  the  way  to  the  home 
of  Rev.  William  Richardson.  With  him  was  a  handsome 
little  fellow  who  seemed  to  be  about  seven  years  old. 
The  stranger  gave  his  name  as  Archibald  Davie,  and  said 
that  Mr.  Richardson  was  his  brother-in-law.  He  had 
come  all  the  way  from  England  to  bring  his  little  son, 
William,  to  see  his  uncle. 

How  glad  Mr.  Richardson  must  have  been  to  see  his 
brother-in-law  and  his  handsome  little  nephew.  As  he 
had  no  children  of  his  own,  he  wished  to  adopt  his 
nephew  as  his  son  and  heir.  So  when  Archibald  Davie 
left,  the  lad  remained  behind  with  his  uncle.  Thus  the 
little  English  boy  became  an  American. 

His  Education.  —  His  name  was  William  Richardson 
Davie.  Pie  was  born  in  England,  June  20,  1756.  His 
uncle,  William  Richardson,  was  a  Presbyterian  clergy- 
man. He  desired  that  his  adopted  son  should  be  well 
educated.  When  the  boy  was  about  ten  years  old  he 
was  sent  to  Queen's  Museum,  a  school  at  Charlotte, 
North  Carolina.  A  few  years  later  he  entered  the 
famous  college  in  New  Jersey,  then  called  Nassau  Hall, 
but  now  known  as  Princeton  University. 

132 


WILLIAM    RICHARDSON    DAVIF. 


133 


WILLIAM  RICHARDSON 
DAVIE 


While  young  Davie  was  at  Princeton  his  uncle  died, 
leaving  him  a  good  estate.  Davic  was  now  alone  in  the 
world  and  free  to  follow  his  own  desires.  He  was  an 
ambitious  boy  and  determined  to  make  a  name  for  him- 
self. In  1770  lie  was  graduated  at  Princeton  with  the 
highest  honors.  Then  he  returned 
to  North  Carolina  and  began  the 
study  of  the  law  at  Salisbury.  From 
that  time  till  near  the  close  of  his  life 
he  made  his  home  in  North  Carolina. 

The  Student  Becomes  a  Soldier. 
-While  Davic1  was  at  Princeton  the 
Revolution  broke  out.  New  Jersey 
soon  became  the  scene  of  some  hard 
fighting,  and  a  party  of  Princeton 
students  offered  to  serve  against  the 
British.  Davie  was  one  of  these  young  patriots. 
Though  born  in  England,  he  had  become  an-  ardent 
American  and  was  eager  to  fight  for  American  inde- 
pendence. In  New  Jersey,  therefore,  in  the  summer  of 
1770,  while  he  was  a  college  student,  he  saw  his  first 
fighting. 

But  it  was  not  long  before  he  entered  the  war  in  ear- 
nest. While  he  was  studying  law  at  Salisbury,  the  war 
reached  that  part  of  North  Carolina,  and  in  a  little  while 
was  raging  all  around  him.  In  such  times  patriots 
think  not  of  their  own  welfare,  but  of  their  country. 
So  in  1777  Davie  laid  aside  his  law  books  and  buckled 
on  his  sword.  Joining  the  North  Carolina  troops  under 
General  Allen  Jones,  he  started  to  the  defense  of  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina.  But  on  the  way  Ceneral  Jones 
received  word  that  the  British  had  given  up  the  attack, 


134  HISTORY  OF  XORTII  CAROLINA 

and  for  a  little  while  Davie  returned  to  Salisbury  to  his 
studies. 

Davie  Becomes  a  Cavalry  Officer.  —  But  he  was  soon 
called  to  the  field  again.  The  British  had  sent  a  large 
force  to  conquer  the  Southern  States.  Davie  helped 
to  raise  a  troop  of  cavalry  in  Rowan  and  Mecklenburg 
counties,  and  was  at  once  elected  lieutenant.  In  1779 
his  company  joined  the  American  army  under  General 
Benjamin  Lincoln  in  South  Carolina.  A  few  weeks 
later  Davie  was  elected  captain,  and  soon  afterward  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  major. 

A  Narrow  Escape.  —  On  June  20,  1779,  Davie  led 
his  men  at  the  battle  of  Stono  Ferry,  near  Charleston. 
The  Americans  were  beaten  and  driven  from  the  field. 
While  leading  his  men  Davie  was  shot  in  the  leg  and 
fell  from  his  horse.  He  was  so  badly  wounded  that 
he  could  not  re-mount,  and  the  British  were  sweep- 
ing right  down  upon  him.  In  a  minute  they  would 
have  ridden  over  him.  But  just  then  a  private  soldier, 
regardless  of  his  own  danger,  stopped  in  the  retreat, 
placed  Major  Davie  on  his  horse,  and  led  him  safely 
from  the  field. 

The  man  then  disappeared  without  even  telling  his 
name.  Two  years  later,  the  night  before  the  battle  of 
Ninety-six,  while  Davie  was  sitting  in  his  tent,  a  stranger 
entered.  He  said  that  he  was  the  man  who  had  saved 
Davie  at  Stono  Ferry.  Davie  of  course  was  delighted 
to  see  him  again  and,  grasping  his  hand,  thanked  him 
warmly  for  his  brave  deed.  The  man  left,  saying  that 
he  would  come  again  to  see  Davie.  But  the  next  day, 
after  the  battle,  the  gallant  soldier's  body  was  found  on 
the  battle-field  among  the  slain. 


WILLIAM    RICHARDSON   DAVIT,  135 

Davie  Becomes  a  Lawyer.-  Duvic's  wound  was  so 
serious  that  after  the  buttle  of  Stono  Ferry  he  could  not 
serve  in  thv  army  again  for  nearly  a  year.  So  he  returned 
to  his  studies  and  in  September,  1779,  was  given  his 
license  to  practise  law. 

A  Patriot's  Sacrifices.  —  As  we  have  already  seen,  the 
year  17SO  was  a  gloomy  time  for  the  patriots  in  the 
South.  The  British,  having  conquered  (leorgia  and 
South  Carolina,  prepared  to  set  out  in  the  fall  upon 
the  conquest  of  North  Carolina.  The  North  Carolina 
patriots  aroused  themselves  to  meet  this  danger. 

Davie  sent  word  to  the  governor  that  his  wound  was 
healed  enough  for  him  to  take  the  field  again.  The 
North  Carolina  Assembly  promptly  gave  him  authority 
to  raise  a  troop  of  cavalry.  But  the  State  had  no 
money  to  give  him  for  the  expenses.  What  then  was 
Davie  to  do?  He  must  have  money  to  equip  his 
soldiers.  He  did  not  hesitate  a  moment.  He  sold 
part  of  the  propert}'  his  uncle  h'ad  left  him,  and  with 
the  money  purchased  arms,  ammunition,  horses,  and 
clothes  for  his  men. 

Davie 's  Battles.  —  It  would  take  too  long  to  tell  you 
about  all  the  battles  that  Davie  fought  for  his  country. 
He  helped  to  crush  the  Tories  after  their  defeat  at 
Ramsauer's  Mill.  At  Hanging  Rock,  in  South  Carolina, 
he  surprised  a  British  force,  cut  it  to  pieces,  captured 
many  horses,  rifles,  and  muskets,  without  losing  a  single 
man.  When  General  Gates  was  defeated  at  Camden, 
Davie  threw  his  horsemen  between  the  retreating  Amer- 
icans and  the  victorious  British.  He  saved  from  capture 
a  large  number  of  wagons  loaded  with  clothes  and 
medicines,  and  saved  the  life  of  many  a  brave  fellow 


136  HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

who  afterward  did  good  fighting  for  American  inde- 
pendence. 

How  Davie  Fought.  —  Davie  led  his  men  from  place 
to  place  so  swiftly  and  secretly  that  the  British  could 
not  keep  up  with  him.  When  they  were  expecting  him 
at  one  place,  he  would  suddenly  attack  them  at  another. 
He  taught  his  men  to  ride  fast,  to  strike  hard  and  to 
shoot  straight. 

One  of  Davie's  soldiers  at  the  battle  of  Hanging  Rock 
was  a  boy  thirteen  years  old.  He  afterward  became 
the  most  famous  American  soldier  of  his  day,  and  was 
twice  elected  President  of  the  United  States.  This  boy 
was  Andrew  Jackson.  In  his  old  age  Jackson  often  said 
that  Davie  was  the  best  soldier  he  ever  knew,  and  that 
he  learned  his  best  lessons  in  war  from  him. 

The  Hornets'  Nest.  —  Davie's  skill  and  boldness  won 
praises  from  everybody.  In  September,  1780,  he  was 
appointed  colonel  of  all  the  cavalry  in  the  western  part 
of  North  Carolina.  When  Lord  Cornwallis  started  on 
his  march  for  North  Carolina,  the  only  force  between 
him  and  Charlotte  was  Colonel  Davie's  cavalry.  The 
British  numbered  ten  times  as  many  men  as  were  in 
Davie's  force,  and  Davie  knew,  of  course,  that  he  could 
not  beat  them.  But  he  hoped  to  worry  them  and  delay 
their  march  as  much  as  possible  in  order  to  give  the 
Americans  time  to  collect  a  force  at  Salisbury. 

So  Davie  hovered  about  the  flanks  of  the  British  army. 
His  men  shot  down  the  British  soldiers  at  every  chance. 
They  cut  off  their  messengers,  captured  their  scouts, 
and  broke  up  their  foraging  parties.  It  seemed  to  Lord 
Cornwallis  that  an  American  soldier  was  hidden  behind 
every  rock  and  tree  and  fence. 


WILLIAM    HICIIAHDSOX    DAYIK  137 

At  Charlotte  Davie  stationed  his  men  under  the  court- 
house4 which  stood  just  at  the  crossing  of  two  streets. 
When  the  British  came  in  sight,  his  men  opened  fin1. 
The  attack  was  so  hold  that  Cormvallis  thought  the 
whole  American  army  must  be  before  him.  Three  times 
the  British  charged  and  three  times  they  were  driven 
back.  For  four  hours  Davie's  little  band  of  150  men  held 
the  entire  British  army  at  bay.  Then  he  coolly  and  skil- 
fully withdrew  and  retreated  toward  Salisbury.  Can 
you  wonder  that  Lord  Cormvallis  said  that  "the  counties 
of  Mecklenburg  and  Rowan  are  more  hostile  to  England 
than  any  in  America?"  Can  you  wonder  that  his  officers 
called  Charlotte  the  "  Hornets'  Xest  of  the  Revolution  "  ? 

Davie  Equips  Greene's  Army.  —  After  the  battle  of 
Camden,  Washington  sent  General  Xathanael  Greene 
to  take  command  of  the  American  army  m  Xorth  Caro- 
lina. Greene  took  command  in  December,  17SO,  at 
Charlotte.  He  found  an  army  of  good  soldiers  who 
were  badly  in  need  of  arms,  ammunition,  food,  and 
clothes.  Of  course  no  army  can  fight  without  these 
things,  no  matter  how  brave  the  men  may  be.  Greene's 
first  thought  was  to  find  a  man  upon  whom  he  could 
depend  to  equip  his  army.  He  had  never  met  Davie, 
but  he  knew  about  his  services,  and  he  decided  that 
Davie  was  just  the  man  for  that  important  work. 

Davie  preferred  to  remain  at  the  head  of  his  brave 
horsemen.  He  loved  the  excitement  of  battle,  and  was 
ambitious  for  military  glory.  But  he  told  General 
Greene  that  he  was  willing  to  serve  wherever  he  could  do 
the  greatest  good.  So  Greene  appointed  him  quarter- 
master-general. His  duty  was  to  find  equipment  for 
the  armv.  This  was  a  most  difficult  task.  Davie  often 


138 


HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


had  to  pledge  his  own  fortune  before  he  could  secure 
supplies  for  the  soldiers.  But  with  Governor  Caswell's 
help  he  succeeded  in  equipping  Greene's  army  well 
enough  for  him  to  fight  the  battles  of  Guilford  Court- 
house, Hobkirk's  Hill,  and  Eutaw  Springs.  These 


HOME  OF  DAVIE  AT  HALIFAX 

battles  forced  the  British  to  abandon  North  Carolina 
and  South  Carolina. 

Davie  as  a  Lawyer.  —  At  the  close  of  the  war  Davie 
moved  to  Halifax  to  practise  law.  He  was  a  tall,  hand- 
some man.  His  manners  were  graceful  and  impressive. 
He  was  a  hard  student,  and  always  prepared  his  work 
with  great  care.  His  voice  wras  so  mellow,  his  eloquence 
so  impressive,  that  the  court-house  was  sure  to  be  crowded 
whenever  he  rose  to  speak.  His  clients  came  from  all 
parts  of  the  State,  and  he  attended  the  courts  as  far 
east  as  Kdcnton  and  New  Bern  and  as  far  west  as  Salis- 
bury. Some  of  our  most  eminent  lawyers  studied  law 
under  Davie.  One  of  them,  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 


WILLIAM   RICHARDSON    DAVIT-:  139 

Court,  said  that  Davic  was  the  best  lawyer  he  ever 
knew.  Archibald  1).  Murphe}*,  a  judge  and  a  fine 
scholar,  who  often  heard  Davic  speak,  declared:  ''He 
is  certainly  to  be  ranked  among  the  first  orators  whom 
the  American  nation  has  produced." 

Davie  Saves  the  Constitution.  —  In  1787  Da  vie  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  at  Philadelphia  that  framed 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  The  other  dele- 
gates from  North  Carolina  were  Alexander  Martin, 
Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  William  Blount,  and  Hugh 
Williamson.  Had  it  not  been  for  Davic's  patriotism 
and  wisdom  this  convention  would  probably  have  broken 
up  without  adopting  any  constitution.  It  had  been 
decided  that  the  laws  for  the  United  States  should  be 
made  by  a  Congress.  This  Congress  was  to  be  com- 
posed of  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Representatives. 
Before  any  measure  could  become  a  law,  it  must  be 
passed  by  both  of  these  bodies. 

But  how  many  representatives  should  each  St&te  have 
in  Congress?  This  important  question  was  debated  for 
several  days.  The  large  States  said  that  each  State 
should  send  a  number  of  members  according  to  its  popu- 
lation. But  the  smaller  States  replied  that  the  large 
States  would  then  have  too  much  power  in  Congress. 
They  thought  that  each  State  ought  to  have  the  same 
number  of  members,  at  least  in  the  Senate,  and  they  de- 
clared that  they  would  not  go  into  any  union  unless  such 
a  plan  was  adopted.  When  the  vote  was  taken  it  was 
found  to  be  a  tie.  There  was  great  excitement  in  the 
convention.  For  a  while  neither  side  would  give  way, 
and  it  looked  as  if  the  convention  would  break  up  in 
confusion  without  forming;  any  constitution. 


140  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

Then  in  the  midst  of  the  excitement  Davie  rose  to 
his  feet.  Everybody  bent  forward  eagerly  to  hear  what 
he  was  going  to  say.  North  Carolina,  he  said,  was  one 
of  the  larger  States  and  had  voted  against  the  plan  sug- 
gested by  the  smaller  States.  But  he  thought  the  time 
had  now  come  when  the  larger  States  ought  to  yield. 
So  he  and  his  colleagues  were  ready  to  vote  that 
each  State  should  have  the  same  number  of  members 
in  the  Senate.  His  speech  was  greeted  with  great 
applause.  The  tie  was  broken,  and  the  Constitution 
was  saved. 

North  Carolina  Rejects  the  Constitution.  —  After  the 
convention  had  finished  its  work  a  copy  of  the  Consti- 
tution was  sent  to  every  State.  Those  which  accepted  it, 
if  there  were  as  many  as  nine,  would  become  members 
of  the  Union;  the  others  would  no  longer  be  mem- 
bers of  the  United  States.  Should  North  Carolina 
accept  the  Constitution?  On  this  important  question 
the  people  were  divided.  A  convention  to  decide  the 
matter  was  held  at  Hillsboro  in  July,  1788. 

The  leaders  of  those  opposed  to  the  Constitution 
were,  Willie  Jones,  who  had  been  a  prominent  patriot 
of  the  Revolution,  Samuel  Spencer,  who  became  a  judge, 
Thomas  Person,  who  had  been  a  Revolutionary  general, 
and  Timothy  Bloodworth,  who  afterward  became 
United  States  senator.  On  the  other  side  were  Samuel 
Johnston,  who  was  then  governor,  James  Iredell,  whom 
Washington  afterward  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  and  William  R.  Davie. 
These  three  great  men  worked  hard  and  spoke  eloquently 
for  the  Constitution  and  the  Union,  but  when  the  vote 
was  taken  the  other  side  had  the  majority. 


WILLIAM    RICHARDSON    DAVIM  141 

North  Carolina  Adopts  the  Constitution.  —  So  when 
Washington  was  first  elected  President  of  the  United 
States,  North  Carolina  was  not  a  member  of  the  I'nion. 
But  the  friends  of  the  Constitution  did  not  give  up  the 


UMVKHSITY  OF  XOHTH  CAROLINA,  OLD  EAST  Buiun.vc 

(The  oldest  building  at  the  University.    The  eonier-stone  \v;vs  laid 

by   J)avie,  October  12,  17l.)'.i) 

fight.  Iredell  and  Davie  continued  to  write  and  speak 
in  favor  of  the  Constitution,  and  in  1789  they  persuaded 
the  Legislature  to  call  another  convention.  This  con- 
vention met  at  Fayetteville  in  November,  1789.  This 
time  the  friends  of  the  Constitution  had  a  majority  of 
the  members,  and  when  the  vote  was  taken  it  was  in 
favor  of  the  Constitution.  So  on  November  21,  1789, 
North  Carolina  again  became  one  of  the  United  States. 
Founding  of  the  University.  —  In  the  meantime  Davie 
had  rendered  other  important  services  to  the  State. 
The  people  of  Halifax  elected  him  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  eight  times.  "  In  the  House  of  Commons/'1 

1  Xo\v  culled  House  of  Representatives. 


142 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


says  Judge  Murphey,  "  he  had  ro  rival,  and  on  all  ques- 
tions before  that  body  his  eloquence  was  irresistible." 
It  was  in  1789  that  Davie  made  his  great  speech  in 
favor  of  establishing  a  university.  Among  those  who 
heard  it  was  Judge  Murphey.  Says  he:  "  Although 

more  than  thirty  years  have 
elapsed,  I  have  the  most 
vivid  recollection  of  the 
greatness  of  his  manner  and 
the  power  of  his  eloquence 
on  that  occasion."  There 
was  much  strong  opposition 
to  the  University,  but 
Davie's  great  speech  over- 
came it.  No  other  man  did 
as  much  as  he  to  establish 
the  University  He  wrote 
the  law  creating  it;  his  elo- 
quence persuaded  the  Leg- 
islature to  pass  it;  he  was 
one  of  the  first  trustees;  he 

(A  giant  poplar  standing  in  the  center  laid   the    COmer-stolie    of    the 

of  University  (N.  C.)  Campus  under  r-  \      M  ]•  j     i 

-hich  Davie  and  his  party  rested  for  first    building;     and    he    Was 

K.    ch  when  locating  the  site  of  the  nlwovtj    nrio    nf    \\~    wnrmp^f 

University  in  1792)  dlWdyS    Olie  IIS     Well 

friends.   For  these  reasons  he 

is  called  "The  Father  of  the  University,"  and  no  other 
man  in  the  history  of  the  otate  ha,«  won  a  prouder  title. 
Governor  of  North  Carolina.  —  In  1798  Davie  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Legislature.  A  few  days  after 
the  Legislature  met  he  was  elected  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  and  began  his  duties  December  4,  1798.  As 
governor  he  was  interested  in  education,  agriculture, 


THE  DAVIE  POPLAR 


WILLIAM    RICHARDSON    DAVIK  143 

and  other  mat  tors  for  the  improvement  of  tho  State. 
Hut  ho  did  not  remain  governor  long  enough  to  a'-com- 
plish  much.  The  United  States  needed  him  for  an 
important  work  and  in  September,  17!)'.),  he  resigned 
his  office  as  governor. 

Davie  is  Sent  to  France.  --  During  the  Revolution 
France  had  been  friendly  to  the  United  States  and 
helped  them  to  win  their  independence.  But  after  the 
war  several  matters  arose  which  caused  disputes  between 
the  two  countries,  and  in  1794  it  looked  as  if  they  would 
go  to  war.  Troops  were  raised  and  warlike  preparations 
were  made.  Davie  was  appointed  general  of  the  Xorth 
Carolina  troops.  Fortunately  war  was  avoided.  Again, 
in  179$,  the  quarrel  broke  out  afresh.  Congress  raised 
an  army,  placed  Washington  at  its  head,  and  voted 
money  for  war.  Washington  at  once  appointed  Davie 
a  general  in  the  United  States  Army. 

But  the  president,  John  Adams,  was  anxious  to  pre- 
vent war.  So  he  decided  to  send  three  men  to  France  to 
try  to  settle  the  disputes  peaceably.  He  selected  Oliver 
Ellsworth,  chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court,  William  R.  Davie,  governor  of  Xorth  Carolina, 
and  William  Vans  Murray,  United  States  minister  to 
Holland.  A  war  vessel,  the  United  States,  carried  Ells- 
worth and  Davie  to  Europe  where  they  met  Murray. 
The  ruler  of  France  at  that  time  was  Xapoleon  Bona- 
parte. He  appointed  three  men  to  meet  the  Americans. 
After  a  long  discussion  an  agreement  was  reached,  a 
treaty  adopted,  and  war  was  prevented.  In  the  fall  of 
1$00  Davie  brought  the  treaty  to  the  United  States 
and  delivered  it  to  President  Adams. 


144  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

Davie's  Last  Days.  —  Soon  after  Davie  returned  from 
France  his  wife  died.  He  had  grown  tired  of  office  and  pub- 
lic life,  and  was  anxious  to  devote  himself  to  agriculture. 
So  in  November,  1805,  he  left  North  Carolina  and  moved 
to  his  plantation  in  South  Carolina.  When  the  War  of 
1812  began,  President  Madison  appointed  Davie  a  major- 
general  in  the  United  States  Army.  But  Davie  declared 
that  he  was  too  old  for  military  service,  and  declined. 

On  his  great  plantation  he  passed  his  last  days  in 
ease  and  comfort.  His  home  was  always  open  to  his 
friends  and  his  hospitality  was  unbounded.  Many  of 
his  old  Revolutionary  companions  came  to  visit  him. 
Under  an  immense  oak  in  his  yard  they  would  sit  for 
hours  talking  over  their  battles  for  the  independence 
of  their  country.  Davie  died  November  18,  1820,  and 
was  buried  at  Waxhaw  Church,  Lancaster  county, 
South  Carolina.  Of  him  Judge  William  Gaston  wrote: 
"  He  was  a  great  man  in  an  age  of  great  men,  admired 
and  beloved  by  the  virtuous  and  the  wise." 

GEOGRAPHY  STUDY 

1.  Locate    the    following    places    in    North    Carolina:     Waxhaw, 
Charlotte,  Salisbury,  Chapel  Hill.     Ramsauer's  Mill  was  in  Lincoln 
county,   near    Lincolnton.      Describe    the     situation    of    Lincolnton. 
Guilford  Court-house  was  near  Greensboro.      Describe  its  situation. 

2.  Describe  the  situation  of  the  following  places  in  South  Carolina: 
Charleston,     Stono     Ferry,     Ninety-Six,     Camden,     Hanging    Rock, 
Hobkirk's  Hill,  Eutaw  Springs. 

REVIEW 

Give  an  account  of  — 

1.  When  and  where  Davie  was  born.     Why  he  came  to  North 
Carolina. 

2.  His  education.     His  profession. 

3.  His  first  military  service. 


WILLIAM    RICHARDSON    DAY  IK  145 

4.  His  law  studies.      How  the  war  interrupted  them. 

f>.   Battle  of  Stono  Ferry. 

0.   How  Davie  raised  a  regiment  of  cavalry. 

7.  The  principal  battles  in  which  he  fought. 

8.  His  method  of  fighting. 

1).  What   Andrew  Jackson  said  of  Davie. 

10.  How  Davie  defended  Charlotte. 

11.  The  condition  of  the  American  army  in  North  Carolina  when 
General  Greene  took  command. 

12.  How  Davie  helped  Greene  with  the  army. 

13.  Davie  as  a  lawyer  and  orator. 

14.  How  Davit1  saved  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

15.  What  North  Carolina  did  about  the  Constitution. 
10.  The  leaders  for  and  against  the  Constitution. 

17.  How  the  Constitution  was  finally  adopted. 

18.  The  founding  of  the  University. 

19.  Dime's  work  as  governor. 

20.  How  Davie  helped  to  prevent  war  with  France. 

21.  Dime's  last  days. 

QUESTIONS   FOR  SPECIAL  STUDY 

1.  Give  an  account  of  the  following  battles:   Stono  Ferry,  Ninety- 
Six,  Ramsauer's  Mill,  Hanging  Rock,  Camden,  Guilford  Court-house, 
Hobkirk's  Hill,  Eutaw  Springs. 

2.  What  changes  in  the  government  of  the  United  States  did  the 
Constitution  make?     Plow  many  members  docs  each  State  elect  to 
the  United  States  Senate?     How  many  does  North  Carolina  now  have 
in  the  House  of   Representatives?     New  York?     Delaware?     Ohio? 
Rhode  Island9 

3.  In  17S7  North  Carolina  was  fourth  in  population  among  the 
States.     What  is  it  now?     How  many  people  in  the  State  now? 

4.  What  other  State  besides  North  Carolina  at   first   refused  to 
adopt  the  Constitution?     How  many  States  were  in  the  Union  when 
Washington  was  first  elected  President? 

5.  How  was  the  governor  of  North  Carolina  elected  in  1708?   How 
long  did  he  serve  then?   How  elected  now?  How  long  does  he  serve  now? 

0.  Who  has  the  authority  to  make  treaties  between  the  United 
States  and  foreign  nations? 


CHAPTER   XII 
NATHANIEL   MACON 

Warren  County.  —  In  1764  the  General  Assembly  cut 
off  the  northeast  corner  of  Granville  county  and  formed 
a  new  county,  called  Bute.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
an  English  nobleman,  the  Earl  of  Bute,  who  was  a  close 
friend  of  the  King.  When  the  Revolution  broke  out, 
Lord  Bute  was,  of  course  hostile  to  the  Americans.  So, 
in  1779,  the  Legislature  changed  the  name  of  the  county 
to  Warren,  in  honor  of  the  American  patriot,  General 
Joseph  Warren,  who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill. 

Nathaniel  Macon.  —  It  was  in  this  part  of  old  Gran- 
ville that  Nathaniel  Macon  was  born,  December  17, 
1758.  His  father  was  Gideon  Macon,  and  his  mother 
was  Priscilla  Jones.  It  is  said  that  his  grandmother, 
Abigail  Sugan,  was  the  first  white  woman  to  settle  in 
that  section  of  North  Carolina.  Nathaniel  was  the 
youngest  of  eight  children.  When  he  was  five  years 
old,  his  father  died,  leaving  his  widow  with  a  large 
family  and  very  little  property. 

Nathaniel  was  such  a  bright,  thoughtful  boy  that  all 
the  family  agreed  that  he  ought  to  be  given  a  good  edu- 
cation. His  first  teacher  was  Charles  Pettigrew  who 
taught  an  "  old-field  "  school  in  the  neighborhood. 
When  Macon  was  fifteen  he  entered  Princeton  College, 
in  New  Jersey.  The  breaking  out  of  the  Revolution 

146 


XATHAXIKL   MACOX  147 

intorru})tod  his  studios  there,  and  in  177(>  lie  returned  to 
North  Carolina.  For  a  little  while  he  studied  law,  hut 
did  not  like  it  and  never  received  his  license  to  practise. 
There  was  no  good  library  near  his  home,  hut  Macon 
read  eagerly  such  books  as  he  could  obtain.  He  was 
fond  of  history  and  became  familiar  with  the  histories  of 
Rome,  England,  and  Scotland.  In  those  days  it  was 
very  difficult  to  get  good  candles,  and  most  of  Macon's 
studying  and  reading  was  done  by  a  lightwood  fire. 

Macon  Takes  Up  Arms.  -  While  Macon  was  at 
Princeton  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  adopted. 
Young  Macon  had  been  raised  in  a  patriotic  community. 
It  had  become  a  common  saying  in  North  Carolina, 
"  There  are  no  Tories  in  Bute."  Macon  was  eager  to 
join  in  the  fight  for  independence,  and  when  the  war 
came  near  Princeton,  he  promptly  dropped  his  books 
and  shouldered  his  musket.  He  joined  a  party  of  stu- 
dents who  entered  upon  a  short  campaign  in  New  Jer- 
sey. At  the  end  of  the  campaign  they  went  back  to 
their  studies.  A  few  weeks  later  Macon  returned 
home. 

The  war  then  seemed  to  be  going  against  the  patriots 
in  the  South.  Macon  tKought  it  his  duty  to-  defend  his 
country,  so  he  enlisted  in  the  army  as  a  private.  His 
comrades  elected  him  as  their  captain,  but  he  declined. 
During  the  years  1779  and  1780  he  saw  much  hard  fight- 
ing. He  was  at  the  fall  of  Fort  Moultrie,  the  surrender 
of  Charleston,  the  defeat  at  Camden.  and  with  C.reene 
during  his  terrible  retreat  across  North  Carolina  in 
1780. 

Macon  in  the  Legislature.  —  While  he  was  in  the  army, 
Macon  was  elected  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  from 


148 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Warren  county.  The  first  he  heard  of  his  election  was 
a  message  from  the  Governor  summoning  him  to  attend 
the  Legislature.  Most  men  would  have  welcomed  such 
a  good  excuse  for  leaving  the  army.  But  Macon  was 
not  like  other  men.  He  refused  to  leave.  General 
Greene  soon  heard  about  the  stanch  young  soldier  who 

preferred  a  place  full  of  dan- 
ger and  hardship  to  one  of 
safety  and  ease.  Why,  he 
thought,  I  must  learn  some- 
thing more  about  this  young 
fellow.  So  he  sent  for 
Macon  and  asked  him  why 
he  had  refused  to  obey  the 
Governor's  summons. 

"  Sir,"  replied  the  young 
soldier,  "  I  have  often  seen 
the  faces  of  the  British  sol- 
diers, but  I  have  never  seen 

their  back*.  I  am  determined  to  remain  in  the  army 
until  I  do  sec  them." 

General  Greene  was  much  pleased  at  this  spirited  reply. 
But  he  told  Macon  that  he  could  do  the  American  cause 
more  good  as  a  member  of  the  Legislature  than  as  a 
soldier.  In  the  army  he  was  but  one  man ;  in  the  Legis- 
lature he  might  persuade  the  members  to  send  hundreds 
of  men  to  the  army.  And  he  could  also  tell  the  Legis- 
lature from  his  own  experience  how  badly  the  army 
needed  supplies  and  equipment. 

Macon  then  saw  that  it  was  his  duty  to  attend  the 
meeting  of  the  Legislature,  and  he  no  longer  hesitated. 
It  proved  to  be  just  as  General  Greene  predicted. 


GENERAL  GKEENE 


XATHAXIKL   MACOX  Ml) 

Maeon's  services  in  the  Legislature  wore  very  useful 
in  obtaining  men  and  supplies  for  the  army.  He  him- 
self nover  entered  the  army  again.  He  refused  to  accept 
any  pay  for  his  services  as  a  soldier,  for  he  declared  that 
it  was  the  patriot's  duty  to  serve  his  country  without 
being  paid  for  it. 

"Buck  Spring."  After  the  war  Macon  returned  to  his 
farm  in  Warren  county.  lie  called  his  plantation  "  Buck 
Spring,"  on  account  of  a  fine  spring  where  the  deer, 
which  roamed  his  woods  in  great  numbers,  wore  accus- 
tomed to  drink.  In  the  midst  of  a  splendid  grove1  of 
oaks  Macon  built  a  small,  simple  house.  Grouped  around 
the  house  were  several  smaller  buildings,  called  ''offices,'' 
which  were  really  rooms  for  his  guests.  On  one  side  was 
the  kitchen  with  its  great  fireplace  tall  enough  for  a 
man  to  stand  erect  in.  The  cooking  was  done  in  huge 
pots  hung  from  hooks  over  the  fire.  In  the  distance 
were  the  cabins  for  the  slaves,  called  the  ''quarters,'' 
and  near  them  were  the  barns  and  ,stal;lcs. 

Macon  loved  the  country.  He  used  to  say  that  he 
did  not  want  to  live  near  enough  to  any  man  to  see  the 
smoke  from  his  chimney  or  to  hear  his  dog  bark.  His 
nearest  neighbor  lived  five  miles  away.  Macon  was 
fond  of  the  work  of  the  farm.  Even  after  he  had  become 
a  distinguished  statesman,  he  would  take  his  hoe.  or 
plow,  and  work  in  the  field  at  the  head  of  his  negroes. 
He  cared  nothing  for  riches.  His  fields,  his  flocks,  and 
his  herds  gave  him  enough  for  his  simple  wants,  and  he 
desired  no  more. 

In  his  habits  he  was  one  of  the  simplest  of  men.  He 
never  changed  his  style  of  dressing.  His  clothes  were 
made  of  plain,  blue  cloth  in  the  style  worn  during  the 


150 


HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


Revolution.  He  wore  the  best  linen,  a  fine  cambric 
stock,  a  fur  hat  with  a  brim,  and  top-boots  into  which 
he  tucked  his  trousers.  He  was  always  neat  in  his 
person. 

Macon's    Amusements.  —  Macon's    favorite    amuse- 
ments were  horse-racing  and  hunting.     The  fox  chases 


FARMERS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  ON  A  Fox  HUNT 

at  Buck  Spring  became  famous.  In  his  stables  Macon 
kept  the  fleetest  thoroughbreds  for  his  friends  to  ride 
when  they  came  to  Buck  Spring.  One  of  his  most 
frequent  visitors  was  the  famous  John  Randolph,  of 
Virginia,  who  was  Macon's  life-long  friend  and  com- 
panion. In  1819,  when  President  Monroe  made  a 
tour  of  the  Southern  States,  he  made  a  special  visit  to 
Buck  Spring  to  take  part  in  one  of  Macon's  famous  fox 
chases.  Macon  was  fond  of  company.  He  kept  open 
house  at  Buck  Spring  and  many  guests  came  to  share 
in  his  well-known  hospitality. 


NATIIAXIKL    MACOX  lol 

Macon's  Political  Career.  -  Macon's  public  career 
began  when  lie  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  in  17S1; 
it,  lasted  forty-two  years.  He  was  five  times  elected  to 
the  Legislature,  twelve  times  to  Congress,  three  times 
to  the  I'nited  States  Senate,  and  once  a  delegate  to  the 
Convention  to  amend  the  State  constitution.  In  Con- 
gress he  was  elected  speaker  of  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives three  times  and  president  of  the  Senate  three 
times.  lie  was  also  elected  president  of  the  North 
Carolina  Constitutional  Convention  of  LSI  Jo.  And  yet 
it  is  said  that  he  never  asked  any  person  to  vote  for 
him,  and  never  told  any  one  that  he  desired  to  be 
elected  to  any  office. 

Macon  as  a  Public  Official.  --  In  public  office,  though 
he  held  high  and  important  places,  Macon  was  as  simple 
and  plain  as  in  his  own  home.  lie  was  a  real  democrat. 
"Whenever  the  people  understand  any  public  question, 
he  declared,  they  will  decide  it  right.  He  would  accept 
no  offices  except  those  to  which  he  was  elected  by  the 
people  or  by  their  representatives.  Thomas  Jefferson 
twice  offered  him  a  place  in  the  President's  cabinet,  but 
both  times  he  refused  because  it  was  not  an  office  on 
which  the  people  could  vote. 

Macon  was  as  punctual  in  attending  to  his  public 
duties  as  he  was  in  attending  to  his  private  affairs.  lie 
thought  that  public  officers  who  wasted  their  time  were 
robbing  the  people.  lie  was  too  honest  to  take  credit 
for  any  act  which  was  due  to  some  one  else.  Once  he 
presented  a  very  able  report  to  the  I'nited  States  Sen- 
ate. Another  senator,  thinking  that  Macon  wrote  it, 
praised  it  very  highly.  "  Yes,"  said  Macon,  "it  is  a 
good  report;  Senator  Tazewell  wrote  it."  Though  he 


152 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


was  as  true  as  steel  to  his  friends,  he  would  not  violate 
his  public  duty  to  please  them.  When  he  was  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  he  removed  his  dear- 
est friend,  John  Randolph,  from  an  important  position 
because  he  thought  another  man  could  perform  its 
duties  better.  Xor  would  he  ever  appoint  any  of  his 
own  relatives  to  public  office. 


RANDOLPH-MACON  T'OLLKHK.  ASHLAND,  VA. 
(Named  after  the  two  friends,  .John  Randolph  and  Nathaniel  Mucon) 

Macon  was  not  an  orator.  Indeed,  he  had  but  little 
patience  with  speech-making.  A  few  plain,  simple  words, 
to  explain  any  subject,  were  all  he  cared  to  hear.  His 
own  speeches  were  short  and  plain-spoken.  The  famous 
Thomas  II.  Henton,  of  Missouri,  said  that  Macon  "spoke 
more  good  sense  while  he  was  getting  up  out  of  his  chair, 
and  gelling  back  into  it,  than  many  others  did  in  long 
speeches." 


XATHAMKI.    MAC 'OX  1  .IM 

Macon's  Work  in  Congress.  While  in  Congress, 
Macon  look  a  leading  part  in  many  of  the  most  impor- 
tant events  in  the  history  of  the  I  nited  Stales.  lie 
opposed  the  famous  Alien  and  Sedition  laws,  because 
they  were  against  the  liberty  of  the  people  and  the  free- 
dom of  the  press.  Aided  by  Randolph,  he  persuaded 
Congress  to  vote  the  money  that  enabled  President 
Jefferson  to  purchase  the  Louisiana  territory.  lie 
always  voted  against  measures  for  internal  improve- 
ments because,  he  said,  the  Constitution  gave  Congress 
no  power  to  pass  such  measures.  For  the  same  reason 
he  spoke  and  voted  against  a  protective  tariff. 

In  1809  Macon  was  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Foreign  Relations  in  the  House  of  Representatives. 
This  committee  had  charge  of  all  measures  relating  to 
foreign  countries.  At  that  time,  on  account  of  our 
quarrels  with  England  and  France,  it  was  the  most 
important  committee  in  Congress.  Macon  was  strongly 
opposed  to  war  with  either  countiy. 

"This  nation/'  he  said,  "in  my  opinion,  must  take 
her  choice  of  two  alternatives:  to  be  happy  and  contented 
without  war  and  without  internal  taxes,  or  to  be  war- 
like and  glorious,  abounding  in  what  is  called  honor  and 
dignity,  or,  in  other  words,  taxes  and  blood.  Public 
force  and  liberty  can  not  dwell  in  the  same  country." 
What  wise  words  these  are!  But,  though  desiring  peace, 
Macon  would  not  have  his  country  submit  to  injustice. 
When  war  with  England  became  necessary  in  1812,  he 
voted  for  it  and  gave  it  his  support. 

While  Thomas  Jefferson  was  President,  some  of  the 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  severely  criticized  him 
and  his  party.  Jefferson  and  his  friends  were  very 


154  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

angry.  They  planned  to  impeach  one  of  the  judges, 
remove  him  from  office,  and  put  one  of  the  President's 
friends  in  his  place.  But  they  could  not  carry  out  this 
plan  without  Macon's  help.  He  belonged  to  the  same 
political  party  as  the  President,  so  the  President's  friends 
thought  of  course  Macon  would  help  them. 

But  Macon  thought  that  it  was  a  wicked  scheme  and 
he  would  have  nothing  to  do  with  it.  "  Suppose,"  he 
said,  "  the  judges  had  flattered  the  President.  Would 
he  then  threaten  them  with  punishment?  Certainly 
not.  And  yet  flattery  is  worse  than  abuse,  and  is  more 
dangerous.  If  you  would  not  punish  them  for  the  greater 
offense,  why  for  the  lesser?  Besides,  if  the  judges  speak 
falsely  they  will  soon  lose  the  confidence  of  the  people; 
if  truly,  it  is  best  for  the  country  to  hear  them."  As 
nothing  could  be  done  without  Macon's  aid,  the  plan 
to  impeach  the  judges  failed. 

Macon  Retires  from  Congress.  —  Macon  was  a  close 
reader  of  the  Bible.  In  the  Bible  he  read:  "  The  days 
of  our  years  are  three  score  years  and  ten;  and  if  by 
reason  of  strength  they  be  four  score  years,  yet  is  their 
strength  labor  and  sorrow;  for  it  is  soon  cut  off,  and 
we  fly  away."  He  resolved  that,  when  he  became  three 
score  and  ten  years  of  age,  he  would  retire  from  public 
office  and  spend  the  remaining  years  of  his  life  quietly 
at  home. 

When  his  seventieth  birthday  came  he  was  a  member 
of  the  United  States  Senate,  and  had  two  more  years  to 
serve  before  his  term  would  come  to  its  close.  His 
friends  urged  him  to  remain  in  the  Senate  at  least  those 
two  years.  "  Your  health,"  they  said,  "  is  still  good 
and  your  mind  is  as  strong  and  clear  as  ever."  "  Yes," 


XATTTAXIEL   MAf'OX 


15.1 


he  replied,  "  my  mind  is  clear  enough  for  me  to  know 
that  I  ought  to  quit  office  before  my  mind  quits  me.'' 
So  he  wrote  to  the  Legislature  and  resigned  his  office 
as  senator,  thanking  the  Legislature  for  its  long  confi- 
dence1 in  him.  At  the  same  time  he  resigned  as  justice 
of  the  peace  and  as  trustee  of  the  University. 

The  Convention  of  1835.  -  But  Macon's  services 
were  needed  in  one  more  important  event  in  North 
Carolina.  The  time  had  come  when  some  changes  were 


CAPITOL  AT  WASHINGTON 

needed  in  the  State  constitution.  It  was  decided,  there- 
fore, to  hold  a  convention  at  Raleigh,  in  1X35,  to  con- 
sider what  changes  should  be  made.  Many  distinguished 
men  were  elected  members  of  this  convention.  But 
when  the  convention  met,  all  eyes  turned  at  once  to 
Nathaniel  Macon  for  president,  and  he  was  unanimously 
elected. 

Several  important  changes  were  made  in  the  consti- 
tution.     The   people   of  Western   North    Carolina    had 


l.")0  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

long  complained  that  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  had 
more  than  its  share  of  members  in  the  Legislature. 
Each  county  had  two  members  without  regard  to  its 
population.  The  West  wished  that  the  number  of  mem- 
bers for  each  county  should  depend  upon  its  population. 
After  a  long  debate  this  change  was  adopted.  Before 
this  time,  seven  towns  —  Edenton,  New  Bern,  Wilming- 
ton, Halifax,  Fayetteville,  Hillsboro,  and  Salisbury  - 
had  each  the  right  to  send  a  member  to  the  Legislature. 
The  convention  took  away  this  right.  Since  1776  the 
Legislature  had  met  once  ever}*  year;  the  convention 
changed  the  time  of  its  meeting  to  once  every  two  years. 
The  right  to  vote  was  taken  away  from  free  negroes.  In 
the  future  the  governor  was  not  to  be  elected  by  the 
Legislature,  but  by  the  people,  and  his  term  of  office 
was  changed  from  one  to  two  years. 

During  this  convention  the  members  from  the  West 
and  those  from  the  East  had  many  warm  debates.  They 
said  many  harsh  things  about  each  other.  More  than 
once  it  looked  as  if  the  convention  would  break  up  in  a 
quarrel.  Then  the  aged  Macon  would  rise  from  his 
seat,  and  with  a  few  calm,  patriotic  words  quiet  the 
raging  storm. 

Macon's  Death.  —  Alacon  died  June  29,  1S37,  at 
Buck  Spring.  He  himself  selected  the  place  for  his 
grave.  It  was  a  barren  ridge  near  the  center  of  his  plan- 
tation, and  he  selected  it  because  ho  said  it  was  too  poor 
for  any  other  use.  He  wished  his  grave  to  be  marked 
by  a  pile  of  rough  stones,  which,  he  said,  were  good  for 
nothing  else.  lie  himself  directed  the  carpenter  how 
to  make  his  coffin,  and  paid  him  for  it.  because  he  wished 
to  leave  no  debts  to  be  paid  after  his  death.  The  last 


few  hours  of  his  life  were  spent,  in  conversation  with  his 
friends  and  relatives. 

Many  tributes  have  been  paid  to  Maeon's  memory. 
President  John  Tyler  said  of  him:  "  Nothing  sordid  ever 
entered  into  his  imagination.  He  was  a  devoted  patriot 
whose  whole  heart  -and  every  corner  of  it  -was  filled 
with  love  of  country."  John  Randolph  said,  in  his  will, 
Nathaniel  Alaeon  was  "  the  best,  wisest,  and  purest 
man  I  ever  knew." 

REVIEW 

1.  When1  was  Macon  horn?      When? 

2.  (live  an  account  of  his  education. 

3.  What   military  service  did  lie  perform  during  the  Revolution? 

4.  Tell  how  Maeon's  political  career  began. 

").    Describe  ''Buck  Spring."     Maeon's  habits. 
(i.   What  were  Maeon's  favorite  amusements.? 

7.  How  long  was  Macon  in  public  life?  What  important  public 
offices  did  he  hold? 

5.  Describe  him  as  a  public  officer.      What  did  Benton  say  of  him'.' 
!>.  (live  an  account  of  Maeon's  work  in  Congress.     What  did  he 

say  about  the  I'nited  States  and  war? 

10.  (live  an  account  of  the  plan  to  impeach  the  judges,  and  what 
Macon  said  about  it. 

11.  When  and  why  did  Macon  retire  from  Congress?     Did  he  ever 
hold  any  other  office? 

12.  What    important    changes   were   made   in   the   Constitution   of 
North  Carolina  in  1S3")? 

13.  Describe  Maeon's  death. 

14.  What  tributes  were  paid  to  him? 

QUESTIONS   FOR    SPECIAL   STl'DV 


158  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

2.  Name  the  counties  which  were  named  in  honor  of  Revolutionary 
leaders.     Of  Revolutionary  leaders  of  other  States.     Of  British  states- 
men who  were  friendly  to  the  Americans. 

3.  For  how  long  a  term  is  a  United  States  senator  elected?     A 
representative?     Explain   the   difference  in   the   way   in   which   they 
are   elected.     Why  was  this  difference  adopted? 

4.  How  are  the  members  of  the  President's  Cabinet  selected? 
o.  What  were  the  Alien  and  Sedition  laws? 

6.  What  is  a  protective  tariff? 

7.  Explain  what  is  meant  by  "impeaching"  a  public  official. 

8.  In  what  way  can  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  be  changed? 
What    is    the  difference    between    a    convention    and    the    (ieneral 
Assembly? 

!).  How  is  it  decided  how  many  members  each  county  shall  have 
in  the  Legislature?  How  many  docs  your  county  have?  I  low  many 
members  all  told  in  the  North  Carolina  House  of  Representatives? 
In  the  Senate? 

10.  How  often  does  the  Legislature  meet?  AVhen  and  where? 
How  is  the  governor  now  elected?  For  how  long?  Does  he  have 
anything  to  do  with  making  laws? 


CHAPTER   XIII 


JOHNSTON   BLAKELY 

Our  Second  War  with  England.  —  For  many  years 
after  the  Revolution  England  acted  toward  the  United 
States  in  a  very  unfriendly  manner.  She  felt  humiliated 
at  being  beaten  by  her  colonies,  and 
treated  the  Americans  with  great 
contempt.  She  refused  to  remove 
her  soldiers  from  the  forts  on  our 
frontier  as  she  had  agreed  to  do.  The 
British  Parliament  passed  acts  to 
injure  the  commerce  of  the  United 
States.  But  worst  of  all  was  what 
was  called  the  "  impressment  of 
American  seamen." 

The  British  (iovernment  declared 
that  many  sailors  ran  away  from  the 
British  navy  and  entered  the  American  navy  or  went 
into  the  service  of  American  merchant  vessels.  So 
Great  Britain  claimed  the  right  of  stopping  Ameri- 
can vessels  on  the  Atlantic,  arresting  any  seamen 
whom  she  claimed  to  be  British  subjects,  and  forcing 
or  impressing  them  into  the  British  service.  The  United 
States  tried  hard  in  a  peaceful  manner  to  put  a  stop  to 
such  outrages.  But  England  would  listen  to  no  protests. 
So  at  length,  in  1812,  the  United  States  declared  war. 

159 


JOHNSTON*  BLAKELY 


160  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

In  that  war  a  young  North  Carolina  captain  won  great 
fame  by  his  skill  and  daring  as  a  naval  commander. 

Johnston  Blakely.  -  -  This  officer  was  Captain  John- 
ston Blakely.  He  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1781.  Soon 
after  his  birth  his  mother  died,  and  his  father  brought 
his  infant  son  to  Wilmington,  North  Carolina.  When 
they  landed  from  the  vessel  they  were  met  at  the  wharf 
by  a  fellow  countryman,  Edward  Jones,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  of  Wilmington. 

Mr.  Jones  gave  the  strangers  a  warm  welcome. 
Taking  the  little  motherless  boy  in  his  arms,  he  led  the 
way  to  his  own  home.  There  his  kind-hearted  wife 
made  the  strangers  feel  as  if  they  were  really  at  home. 
From  that  day  she  became  as  a  mother  to  little  Johnston. 
The  elder  Blakely  was  a  pleasant,  agreeable  man.  He 
soon  made  many  friends  in  his  new  home.  He  became 
a  merchant  in  Wilmington,  and  when  he  died  left  his 
son  a  small  fortune. 

Johnston  Blakely  at  the  University.  —  Johnston 
Blakely  was  sent  to  school  on  Long  Island,  New  York. 
But  when  he  was  sixteen  years  old  .he  entered  the 
University  of  North  Carolina.  He  was  a  good  student. 
The  subjects  that  he  liked  best  were  mathematics,  sur- 
veying, and  navigation.  At  that  time  the  students  at 
the  University  were  often  disorderly,  and  sometimes 
engaged  in  riots  and  rebellions.  Young  Blakely  refused 
to  join  in  these  disorders.  Still  he  lost  none  of  his  popu- 
larity with  his  fellow  students,  for  everybody  liked  the 
genial  young  Irishman.  In  the  Philanthropic  Literary 
Society  he  was  elected  to  every  office. 

Blakely  Enters  the  Navy.  -  Two  years  after  he  entered 
the  University  Blakely  suffered  a  serious  misfortune. 


JOHNSTON    m.VKKLY  Kil 

A  fire  at  Wilmington  destroyed  a  large  portion  of  his 
property.  This  loss  compelled  him  to  leave  the  Uni- 
versity  in  17!)9.  He  then  had  to  decide  what  profession 
he  would  follow,  and  determined  to  enter  the  United 
States  Navy.  In  1X00  he  was  appointed  a  midshipman, 
and  placed  on  board  the  /Vr.s/V/r///,  under  Commodore 
Richard  Dale.  In  her  he  sailed  on  a  cruise  to  the  Med- 
iterranean Sea.  Dah*  was  a  splendid  officer.  During 
the  Revolution  he  had  sailed  on  board  the  Bonhomme 
Richard,  under  that  famous  seaman,  John  Paul  Jones. 
Under  Dale,  therefore1,  Hlakely  had  a  fine  opportunity 
to  study,  and  he  was  quick  to  take  advantage  of  it. 

War  with  the  Pirates.  —  Along  the  northern  shore  of 
Africa  were  four  States  which  made  a  business  of  piracy. 
Their  rulers  sent  out  war  vessels  on  the  Mediterranean 
to  rob  and  plunder.  They  captured  many  travelers, 
and  either  held  them  for  large  ransoms,  or  sold  them 
into  slavery.  Such  nations  as  England  and  France  paid 
the  rulers  of  those  robber  states  large  sums  not  to  plun- 
der their  ships. 

The  pirates  thought  of  course  that  the  United  States, 
which  was  a  small,  weak  nation,  would  do  the  same  thing. 
But  when  they  demanded  a  bribe  for  being  good  to 
American  vessels,  the  United  States  sent  a  fleet  of  war 
vessels  to  punish  them.  A  war  which  lasted  two  years 
followed.  In  that  war  Johnston  Blakely  saw  his  first 
fighting.  He  was  ordered  on  board  the  ship  of  Commo- 
dore Preble  who  commanded  the  American  fleet.  This 
little  fleet  of  four  vessels  was  engaged  in  some  hard 
fighting  with  the  pirates.  They  thoroughly  humbled 
the  robbers,  who  were  glad  to  make  peace. 

Though  this  war  was  a  small  affair,  it  served  a  good 


162  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

purpose  in  training  American  seamen  for  the  war  which 
soon  followed  with  England.  One  of  the  best  officers 
trained  in  this  war  was  Johnston  Blakely.  He  learned 
how  to  handle  a  ship  in  battle  and  how  to  fire  his  guns 
rapidly  and  accurately. 

Blakely  Commands  the  " Enterprise."  -  Blakely  was 
twice  promoted  on  account  of  his  skill  and  bravery. 
Soon  after  the  wrar  began  with  England  he  was  given 
command  of  the  Enterprise.  He  worked  hard  to  fit  her 
for  the  sea  and  to  train  her  crew.  When  everything  was 
ready  she  sailed  out  in  search  of  the  enemy.  A  few  days 
after  leaving  port  she  caught  sight  of  the  Fly,  a  British 
ship,  and  after  a  chase  of  eight  hours  overtook  and  cap- 
tured her. 

A  Vessel  with  a  Sting.  —  As  a  reward  for  this  success, 
Blakely  was  given  command  of  a  larger  and  better  ship 
than  the  Enterprise.  This  was  the  Wasp,  one  of  the 
new  ships  which  Congress  had  ordered  to  be  built.  The 
Wasp  was  to  be  one  of  the  finest  vessels  in  the  Ameri- 
can navy.  Blakely  was  delighted  with  his  good  luck. 
"In  the  Wasp,"  he  thought,  "I  shall  win  fame  and 
glory."  And  oh!  what  a  sting  this  Wasp  had.  She 
sailed  out  of  the  harbor  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire, 
May  1,  1814.  Her  crew  numbered  173  men.  Captain 
Blakely  was  impatient  to  meet  the  enemy,  and  steered 
straight  for  the  English  Channel. 

The  "Wasp"  Meets  the  "Reindeer."  —  Blakely  was 
not  disappointed.  For  several  days  he  met  nothing 
except  merchant  vessels,  which  he  captured.  But  on 
June  28,  1814,  a  war  vessel  came  in  sight.  Blakely 
promptly  hailed  her.  He  found  that  she  was  the  British 
ship  Reindeer.  Both  vessels  at  once  prepared  for  battle. 


JOHXSTOX    BLAKKLY 


103 


The  Reindeer  was  ready  first  and  opened  fire  before  the 
Wasp  could  get  into  a  position  to  fire.  Hut  this  did  not 
disturb  Captain  Blakely.  He  coolly  waited  until  every- 
thing was  in  readiness  and  then  gave;  the  command. 

The  two  vessels  were  about  twenty  yards  apart  and 
were  gradually  getting  closer.     The  fighting  was  terrific. 


AND  Reindeer 


Blakely  stood  in  the  thick  of  it,  giving  his  orders  and 
cheering  his  men  as  calmly  as  if  he  had  been  sailing  on 
a  pleasure  trip.  After  a  few  minutes  the  Reindeer  ran 
alongside  the  Wasp,  and  her  men  tried  to  get  aboard  the 
American  vessel.  But  after  a  sharp  fight  they  were 
driven  back.  Their  captain  fell  dead.  Then  Blakel}' 
sprang  forward  and  commanded  his  men  to  board  the 
Reindeer.  With  shouts  of  triumph  they  scrambled  on 
her  deck.  A  furious  hand-to-hand  fight  followed,  but 


164  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

in  a  few  minutes  it  was  all  over.  The  British  sailors 
threw  down  their  arms  and  surrendered. 

Captain  Blakely  placed  all  the  survivors  on  board 
the  Wasp  and  set  fire  to  the  Reindeer.  Soon  a  tremen- 
dous explosion  was  heard.  When  the  smoke  cleared 
away  nothing  was  seen  of  the  Reindeer  but  a  few  pieces 
of  smoking  timbers  floating  on  the  water. 

The  French  Welcome  Blakely.  --  The  victorious  Wasp 
sailed  into  a  French  port  to  repair  her  damages.  The 
French  were  overjoyed  at  the  victory  of  the  Ameri- 
can vessel,  for  France  was  also  at  war  with  England. 
They  gave  the  Wasp  and  her  crew  a  royal  welcome. 
The  British  newspapers  declared  that  "the  American 
crew  were  hailed  as  victors,  tapped  on  the  back,  shaken 
by  the  hand,  and  complimented  on  their  superior 
prowess.'' 

A  Battle  in  the  Dark.  —  As  soon  as  he  had  repaired 
his  damages,  Captain  Blakely  steered  again  for  the 
English  Channel.  On  September  1,  1814,  he  fought 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  battles  in  our  history. 
While  cruising  about  after  nightfall,  he  caught  sight  of 
a  vessel  a  short  distance  away.  The  night  was  so  dark 
that  neither  vessel  could  make  out  what  kind  of  ship  the 
other  was.  All  that  the  men  could  see  were  two  huge 
black  objects  looming  up  in  the  darkness.  But  each 
knew  that  the  other  was  an  enemy,  and  they  opened 
fire  on  each  other  at  about  half  past  nine  o'clock  at 
night. 

In  spite  of  the  darkness  the  American  gunners  fired 
so  accurately  that  in  half  an  hour  the  other  vessel  gave 
the  signal  of  surrender.  But  before  Captain  Blakely 
could  board  her  to  take  possession,  three  other  British 


.JOHNSTON    BLAKKI.Y  105 

vessels,  attracted  l>y  the  firing,  came  up.  Blakely 
thought  it  would  be  unsafe  for  him  to  meet  these  three 
together.  He  sailed  away,  therefore,  without  even 
finding  out  the  name  of  the  vessel  he  had  beaten. 
Afterward  it  was  learned  that  she  was  the  Avon. 

A  Bold   Challenge.       Blakely 's  spirits  rose   with   his 
success.     lie  had  shown  himself  to  be  one  of  the  most 


Wai<p  SINKING  THE  Avon 

skilful  captains  in  the  American  navy.  The  name  of 
the  Wasp  had  become  famous  in  Europe  as  well  as  in 
the  United  States.  Blakely  had  so  much  confidence  in 
himself,  his  crew,  and  his  ship,  that  he  sent  a  messenger 
into  the  harbor  of  Plymouth,  England,  "with  a  challenge 
to  engage  any  two  brigs  in  his  Majesty's  service."  But 
the  British  seamen  had  learned  what  a  sharp  sting  this 
American  in/At/)  had,  and  they  would  not  accept  her 
bold  challenge. 

The  "Wasp's"  Sharp  Work.  —  Captain  Blakely 
cruised  about  the  English  Channel  for  sixty  days. 
During  that  time  the  saucy  little  Wasp  captured  or 


166  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

destroyed  thirteen  British  merchant  vessels  and  sunk 
two  men-of-war.  And  all  the  time  thirty-five  British 
war  vessels,  carrying  one  thousand  cannon,  were  guard- 
ing the  channel! 

Honors  for  Blakely.  —  In  the  United  States  the  whole 
country  rang  with  praises  of  Blakely.  The  Secretary 
of  the  Navy  declared  that  Blakely  had  done  "all  that 
skill  and  valor  could  do."  Congress  voted  to  give  him 
a  gold  medal,  and  asked  the  President  of  the  United 
States  to  present  it  to  him  in  the  name  of  the  American 
people. 

North  Carolina  of  course  was  proud  of  her  famous 
son.  The  Legislature  declared  that  his  victories  had 
"thrown  around  the  national  flag  a  blaze  of  glory."  It 
was  voted  unanimously  to  present  to  him  "a  superb 
sword"  in  the  name  of  his  fellow-citizens.  But  the 
brave  young  hero  was  never  to  learn  what  honors  awaited 
his  return  to  his  country. 

The  "Wasp"  Disappears.  —  After  his  victory  over  the 
Avon,  Blakely  captured  three  merchant  vessels.  On 
October  6,  1S14,  he  met  with  a  Swedish  ship,  the  Adonis, 
which  had  on  board  two  American  officers.  The}'  had 
been  prisoners  of  the  British  and  only  a  few  days  before 
had  been  exchanged.  When  they  met  the  Wasp  they 
boarded  her,  and  the  Adonis  sailed  on  her  way. 

From  that  day  to  this  nobody  has  ever  known  what 
became  of  Johnston  Blakely  and  his  brave  crew. 
Whether  the  Wasp  was  sunk  in  battle,  or  wrecked  in  a 
storm,  or  blown  up  by  an  explosion  of  some  of  her  own 
guns,  nobody  has  ever  known.  She  was  never  heard  of 
again.  The  Wasp  sailed  the  seas  only  five  months,  but 
in  that  time  she  won  a  fame  that  will  endure  as  long  as 


JOHNSTON    BLAKKLY  107 

the  American  navy  exists.  Theodore  Roosevelt  has 
declared  that  she  was  "as  ably  commanded  as  any 
vessel  in  our  little  navy." 

Blakely's  Personality.  —  Captain  Blakely  was  a  small 
man,  hut  very  strong  and  active.  He  had  a  bright, 
kindly  face,  with  black  eyes  and  hair.  Though  as  brave 
as  a  lion  in  battle,  he  was  shy  and  retiring  among 
strangers.  When  a  boy  he  would  sit  for  hours  reading 
in  the  library  while  the  other  children  were  playing  out- 
side. He  had  good  manners,  was  full  of  fun  and  good 
humor,  and  was  liked  by  all  who  knew  him. 

The  Captain's  Daughter.  —  In  1814,  while  waiting 
for  the  Wasp  to  be  finished,  Captain  Blakely  was  marrie.l 
to  Miss  Jane  Ann  Hoope,  of  Boston.  Soon  after  his 
marriage  the  daring  captain  sailed  away  in  search  of 
glory.  Little  did  his  bride  dream,  as  she  waved  good-by 
to  him,  that  she  \vould  never  see  him  again.  While 
everybody  was  guessing  what  had  been  his  fate,  his 
little  daughter  was  born.  Her  mother  named  her  Udney 
Maria.  Perhaps  no  child  in  the  United  States  excited 
so  much  interest  and  sympathy  as  little  Udney  Maria 
Blakely. 

North  Carolina's  Adopted  Daughter.  —  As  Captain 
Blakely  did  not  return  to  receive  his  sword,  the  Legis- 
lature decided  to  make  some  gift  to  his  daughter.  So 
the  Governor  wras  asked  to  send  to  Mrs.  Blakely  a  hand- 
some silver  tea-set  "to  be  kept  by  her  and  presented  to 
the  infant  daughter  of  Johnston  Blakely  when  she  shall 
arrive  at  the  age  of  fifteen  years."  At  the  same  time  the 
Legislature  determined  to  adopt  the  little  girl  as  the 
daughter  of  North  Carolina,  and  to  have  her  educated  at 
the  expense  of  the  State. 


168  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

When  the  Governor  wrote  to  Mrs.  Blakely  about  this 
action,  she  replied  that  it  was  "an  act  of  such  noble 
and  unexpected  generosity,  that  it  deprives  me  of  all 
power  to  express  what  I  feel."  As  soon  as  Udney  Maria 
was  old  enough  she  was  placed  in  school  in  Philadelphia, 
and  twice  every  year,  until  1829,  the  governor  of  North 
Carolina  sent  to  her  guardian  the  money  to  pay  her 
expenses. 

Five  years  after  Captain  Blakely 's  death  Mrs.  Blakely 
was  married  again  and  moved  to  the  island  of  St.  Croix, 
in  the  West  Indies.  Upon  leaving  school  Udney  Maria 
Blakely  joined  her  mother  in  her  new  home,  where  she 
died  in  1842. 

Since  that  time  North  Carolina  has  established  schools 
at  the  public  expense  for  all  of  her  children;  but  the 
only  child  ever  adopted  by  the  State  was  the  little 
daughter  of  our  most  famous  naval  hero. 

GEOGRAPHY  STUDY 

1.  What  were  the  four  African  States  with  which  the  United  States 
went  to  war?     Describe  their  situation. 

2.  Where  is  the  English  Channel?     Plymouth  (England)? 

REVIEW 

1.  What  was  the  cause  of  the  War  of  1812? 

2.  Describe  Johnston  Blakely's  childhood. 

3.  Where  was  he  educated?     Give  an  account  of  his  career  at  the 
University. 

4.  Why  did  he  leave  the   University?     What  profession  did  he 
adopt?     What  kind  of  training  did  he  obtain? 

5.  Give  an  account  of  the  war  with  the  pirates. 

(i.  What  vessel  did  Blakely  first  command  in  the  War  of  IS  12? 
What  success  did  he  have?  How  was  he  rewarded? 

7.    Describe  the  battle  between  the  \\'(ix/>  and  the  Reindeer. 


JOHNSTON    BLAKKLY  1(59 

X.   How  was  Blakely  received  in  l''rance? 

!).   ( live  an  account  of  the  battle  between  the  \\'<ix/>  and  the  Avon. 
10.    What  challenge  ,11,1  Blakely  send  to  the  British  navy? 
1  1 .  ( Jive  a  summary  of  t  he  H  a.s'y/.s  work  in  the  British  ( 'hannel. 
12.   What  honors  were  prepared  for  Blakely  at  home?     Why  did  he 
never  receive  them? 

1H.   Describe  Johnston  Blakely's  character. 
14.  Tell  the  story  of  his  daughter. 

Ql'KSTIONS    FOR   SPl'X'IAL   STl'DY 

1.  What  acts  did  England  pass  to  injure  American  trade? 

2.  England  claimed  that  a  man  who  was  once  a  British  subject 
could  never  become  a  citizen  of  any  other  country.     Do  nations  still 
hold  to  that  claim?     What  is  meant  by  "naturalization"? 

3.  How  does  the  I'nited  States  now  train  her  naval  officers? 

4.  Why  did  Blakely  sail  for  the  English  Channel?     What  do  you 
suppose  became  of  the  \\'asp/ 


CHAPTER   XIV 
WILLIAM   GASTON 

Carolina!  Carolina!  —  Perhaps  every  boy  and  girl  in 
school  in  North  Carolina  to-day  has  sung  our  State  song 
"  The  Old  North  State,"  and  has  been  thrilled  with 
patriotic  pride  at  the  opening  line, 

"  Carolina!  Carolina!  Heaven's  blessings  attend  her! " 
The  man  who  wrote  this  song  was  one  of  the  Old  North 
State's  truly  great  men,  and  every  North  Carolina  boy 
and  girl  should  know  something  about  him. 

The  Gastons.  —  William  Gaston  was  a  son  of  Dr. 
Alexander  Gaston,  a  physician  of  New -Bern.  Dr.  Gas- 
ton  was  a  native  of  Ireland.  His  ancestors  were  French 
Huguenots  who  fled  from  religious  persecution  in 
France.  They  went  first  to  Scotland,  and  afterward  to 
Ireland.  Alexander  Gaston  studied  medicine  at  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  After  leaving  the  University 
he  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  British  navy.  A  few 
years  later  he  resigned,  came  to  North  Carolina,  and 
settled  at  New  Bern. 

At  New  Bern  Dr.  Gaston  met  Margaret  Sharpe,  a 
bright,  intelligent  young  Englishwoman,  who  had  been 
educated  in  a  convent  in  France.  He  promptly  fell  in 
love  witli  her,  courted  her,  and  won  her  for  his  wife. 
They  were  married  at  New  Bern  in  May,  1775.  There, 
September  11),  177S,  their  son  William  was  born. 

170 


WILLIAM   CASTON 


171 


Alexander  Gaston,  the  American  Patriot.  When 
the  Revolution  broke  out,  Dr.  (laston  became  an  ardent 
patriot.  He  was  selected  as  a  member  of  (he  Committee 
of  Safety  at  New  Bern.  In  June,  177f>,  he  was  one  of  the 
patriots  who  drove  the  royal 
governor,  Josiah  Martin,  out 
of  the  "Palace,"  and  com- 
pelled him  to  seek  refuge 
on  board  the  Cmizcr,  below 
Wilmington.  During  the 
next  six  years  he  worked 
steadily  in  support  of  the 
cause  of  independence. 

On  account  of  Dr.  Gaston's 
activity  for  the  American 
cause  the  Tories  bitterly 
hated  him.  When  they  cap- 
tured New  Bern,  in  1781,  Dr. 
Gaston  was  one  of  the  first 
men  they  wanted  to  take. 
He  was  compelled  to  leave 
his  home  and  seek  refuge  in 
the  country.  But  one  day 
he  ventured  into  town  to  see 

his  wife  and  children.  The  next  morning  Airs.  Gaston 
begged  him  to  return  to  the  country  before  the  Tories 
found  out  that  he  was  in  New  Bern.  He  had  already 
started  across  the  river  in  an  open  boat,  when  a  band 
of  Tories  galloped  into  town  and  rode  straight  to  the 
wharf. 

Many  years  later  Judge  Gaston  told  the  story  of  what 
happened  at  the  wharf.     "  I  have  so  often  heard  it  re- 


W  ILL  I  AM    G  ASTON 


172  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

peated  by  my  weeping  mother,"  he  said,  "that  I  can 
never  forget  it.  Airs.  Gaston,  fearful  that  her  husband 
might  not  have  crossed  the  ferry,  rushed  down  the 
street  to  the  old  county  wharf,  and  found  them  firing 
at  him.  He  was  in  the  ferry  boat,  a  short  distance 
from  the  shore,  and  alone.  She  threw  herself  between 
him  and  the  Tories,  and  on  her  knees,  with  all  a  woman's 
eloquence,  implored  them  to  spare  the  life  of  her  hus- 
band. The  captain  of  the  savage  band  answered  these 
cries  by  damning  him  for  a  rebel,  called  for  a  rifle,  leveled 
it  over  her  shoulder,  and  stretched  him  a  corpse."1 

Margaret  Gaston.  —  Margaret  Gaston  was  left  alone 
in  the  world  with  two  children  to  rear  and  educate.  She 
was  a  woman  of  strong  character  and  deep  religious 
faith.  She  was  to  be  seen  at  all  hours  with  her  Bible 
on  her  knees.  The  great  object  of  her  life  was  to  teach 
her  son  high  and  noble  ideals  and  the  same  religious 
faith  which  she  herself  had.  Her  income  was  small, 
and  she  had  to  make  sacrifices  in  order  to  give  to  him 
a  complete  education. 

William  Gaston's  Education.  —  Until  he  was  thirteen 
years  old,  Gaston  attended  school  at  the  New  Bern 
Academy.  In  1791  he  was  sent  to  Georgetown  College, 
a  Roman  Catholic  college  near  Washington  City.  It 
is  now  one  of  the  best  known  colleges  in  the  United 
States.  But  in  1791  it  had  just  been  established  and 
Gaston  was  its  first  student.  Its  finest  building  bears 
the  name  of  "Gaston  Hall,"  in  his  honor.  Gaston  was 
a  good  student  in  all  his  classes,  but  his  favorite  studies 

1  When  William  Gaston,  while  a  member  of  Congress,  opposed  the  War 
of  IXl'J,  one  of  his  opponents  called  him  an  unpatriotic  American.  In 
reply,  Ga.ston  said:  "I  \vas  baptized  an  American  in  the  blood  of  a 
murdered  father." 


WILLIAM    CASTOX  173 

wore  Latin  and  Greek.  He  pored  so  closely  over  his 
books  that  he  injured  his  health,  and  in  171)3  was  com- 
pelled to  return  home.  The  next  year  he  entered  Prince- 
ton College,  and  in  1790  was  graduated  at  the  head  of 
his  class  with  the  highest  honors. 

Gaston  Becomes  a  Lawyer.  -  Leaving  Princeton, 
Gaston  returned  to  New  Hern  to  study  law.  His  teacher 
was  Francis  Xavier  Martin,  afterward  chief  justice  of 
Louisiana.  When  (laston  was  twenty  years  old  he  was 
given  his  license  to  practise.  At  the  same  time  his 
brother-in-law,  John  Louis  Taylor,  was  appointed  a 
judge,  and  turned  all  of  his  practise  over  to  Gaston. 
From  that  time  until  he  himself  became  a  judge,  Gaston 
had  a  large  practise.  His  reputation  as  a  lawyer  soon 
reached  beyond  North  Carolina,  and  he  came  to  be 
regarded  as  one  of  America's  greatest  lawyers. 

Gaston  in  the  Legislature.  —  Gaston's  courtesy  and 
kindness  soon  made  him  very  popular  in  his  native 
town.  His  learning  and  eloquence  won  for  him  many 
admirers.  He  was  only  twenty-five  when  they  elected 
him  a  member  of  the  State  Senate.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Senate  four  times  and  of  the  Holism  of 
Commons  six  times.  In  the  Legislature  he  was  as  popu- 
lar as  he  was  at  home.  At  his  first  session  in  the  House 
of  Commons  he  was  chosen  speaker.  The  next  year  he 
was  elected  speaker  a  second  time. 

Measures  Which  Gaston  Advocated.  —  Many  men 
are  elected  to  public  offices  who  never  do  anything 
worthy  to  be  remembered.  But  William  Gaston  was 
not  such  a  man.  Any  measure  that  he  thought  would 
promote  the  welfare  of  North  Carolina  was  sure  to 
receive  his  support.  He  favored  plans  for  establishing 


174  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

public  schools.  He  spoke  in  fa  VOT  of  internal  improve- 
ments. He  advocated  a  better  system  of  courts.  Upon 
the  courts  depend  men's  property  and  often  their  lives 
and  liberty.  But  at  that  time  the  courts  were  so  poorly 
arranged  that  the  judges  could  not  do  their  work  prop- 
erly. Often  people  found  it  difficult  to  get  their  cases 
tried  at  all. 

Gaston  gave  this  matter  much  thought,  and  proposed 
a  plan  to  make  the  necessary  improvements.  His  plan 
was  to  establish  a  Supreme  Court,  to  be  composed  of 
three  judges  who  were  to  be  the  best  lawyers  that  could 
be  found  in  the  State.  Whenever  a  man  thought  that 
he  did  not  get  justice  in  the  lowrer  courts,  he  could  go 
before  the  Supreme  Court,  which  would  give  him  another 
hearing.  But  what  the  Supreme  Court  said  about  a 
case  was  to  be  final.  There  was  much  opposition  to 
this  plan,  but  Gaston  spoke  so  earnestly  and  eloquently 
in  its  favor  that  the  Legislature  passed  the  law.  That 
was  in  1818,  and  the  Supreme  Court  as  Gaston  planned  it 
(except  that  we  now  have  five  judges)  has  been  in  exist- 
ence ever  since.  We  now  wonder  how  the  people  ever 
managed  to  get  along  without  it. 

Gaston  Saves  the  State  Banks.  —  In  1828  Gaston 
saved  the  State  from  a  great  calamity.  A  powerful 
party  of  men  were  trying  to  destroy  the  banks  of  the 
State.  They  declared  that  the  banks  had  disobeyed 
the  law  and  dealt  unjustly  with  the  people.  So  they 
proposed  to  close  their  doors  and  seize  their  money  and 
property.  At  first  a  majority  of  the  Legislature  was  in 
favor  of  this  scheme.  But  among  those  who  opposed 
it  was  William  Gaston.  To  destroy  the  banks,  he  said, 
would  ruin  thousands  of  people  who  had  put  their  money 


WILLIAM    CASTOX 


175 


in  them,  and  would  cause  great  suffering.  He  spoke 
eloquently  against  this  scheme  and  showed  that  the 
charges  against  the  banks  were  not  true. 

The  debate  lasted  several  days.  A  member  of  the 
Legislature,  who  heard  it,  said:  "Mr.  Gaston  stood  up 
day  after  day,  and  though  sneered  at  and  reviled,  day 
after  day  did  he  labor  and  toil  against  that  furious  major- 
ity; day  after  day  did  he  take  captive  some  of  his  oppo- 
nents by  the  mere  force  of  his  arguments;  until  at  last 
he  succeeded  in  bringing  the  vote  to  a  tie,  thus  saving 
the  banks  from  destruction  and  the  State  from  disgrace." 

The  Burning  of  the  Capitol. -- The  last  year  that 
Gaston  served  in  the  Legislature  was  in  1S31.  Just 
before  the  Legislature  met,  the  State  Capitol  was  burned, 
One  of  the  most  im- 
port ant  questions 
which  that  Legisla- 
ture had  to  decide 
was  this:  "Shall  the 
capitol  be  rebuilt  at 
Raleigh,  or  shall  it 
be  moved  to  Fayette- 
ville  ?  "  A  long  de- 
bate took  place,  for 

many   members   Were  CAPITOL  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA.   BURNED 

in  favor  of  moving  it. 

Gaston's  speech  in  favor  of  Raleigh,  says  one  who 
heard  it,  ''was  a  masterpiece  of  brilliant,  elaborate  and 
finished  oratory."  But  the  Legislature  refused  to  vote 
any  money  for  a  new  building  and  North  Carolina  was 
left  without  a  capitol.  The  next  year,  however,  the 
money  was  voted  and  the  capitol  was  rebuilt  at  Raleigh. 


176 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Gaston  in  Congress.  —  In  1813,  and  again  in  1815, 
Gaston  was  elected  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States. 
He  did  not  like  the  work  in  Congress  and  declined  to 
accept  another  election. 

In  one  of  the  debates  in  1816  Gaston  was  matched 
against  Henry  Clay,  and  most  of  those  who  heard  the 
debate  thought  Gaston  got  the  better  of  Clay.  Clay 
was  "  somewhat  soured,"  and  for  some  time  he  and 


CAPITOL  OF  XOHTH  CAHOLINA  AS  IT  LOOKS  TO-DAY 
(Ka.st  front  showing  statue  of  Z.  B.  Vance  in  foreground) 

Gaston  were  not  very  friendly.  But  William  Soaton, 
who  admired  both,  wished  them  to  make  up  their  quarrel. 
So  he  invited  them  to  dine  at  his  home.  AVhen  they  met, 
they  bowed  to  each  other  coldly.  Then  Mr.  Seaton, 
looking  straight  at  them,  said,  "Friendship  in  marble, 
enmities  in  dust."  They  both  smiled,  clasped  hands 
warmly,  and  were  ever  afterward  good  friends.  When 


WILLIAM    CASTOX  177 

Clay  spoke  in  Raleigh,  in  1S44,  after  (iaston's  death,  he 
paid  a  beautiful  tribute  to  Gaston's  memory. 

Gaston  Becomes  "Judge  Gaston."  In  1S)W  Judge 
Henderson,  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
died.  All  eyes  at  once  turned  toward  Caston  to  take 
his  place.  He  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  State's 
ablest  lawyers,  and  in  learning,  character,  and  ability 
fitted  for  the  highest  judicial  oflice  in  the  State.  The 
Legislature  elected  him  by  a  large  majority.  Many  of 
his  political  opponents  voted  for  him.  Soon  afterward 
he  took  his  seat  on  the  Supreme  Court  bench,  and  served 
on  it  until  the  day  of  his  death,  eleven  years  later.  He 
was  a  great  judge,  learned,  upright,  and  just. 

When  Caston  became  judge,  some  people  declared 
that  he  had  done  a  great  wrong.  At  that  time  the  con- 
stitution of  North  Carolina  declared  that  no  person  who 
denied  ''the  truth  of  the  Protestant  religion"  could 
hold  office  in  North  Carolina.  This  clause,  it  was  said, 
was  intended  to  keep  Roman  Catholics  out  of  office, 
and  as  Gaston  was  a  Roman  Catholic  he  had  done 
wrong  to  accept  an  office.  When  he  swore  to  support 
the  constitution,  said  his  opponents,  he  swore  to  a 
falsehood. 

But  Gaston's  friends  did  not  think  so.  They  said 
Roman  Catholics  did  not  deny  any  "truth"  of  the 
Protestant  religion.  Besides,  Roman  Catholics  had  held 
office  in  Xorth  Carolina  before  Gaston.  Many  of  the 
men  who  wrote  the  constitution  had  elected  Thomas 
Burke  governor  in  1781,  and  Burke  was  a  Roman 
Catholic.  So  it  was  plain  that  they  did  not  mean  for 
the  constitution  to  keep  Roman  Catholics  out  of  oflice. 

Gaston  in  the  Convention  of  1835.  —  Still  many  peo- 


178  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

pie  wished  to  have  that  clause  of  the  constitution  changed. 
Gaston  wished  for  this  to  be  done.  So  when  it  was 
decided  to  hold  a  convention  in  1835,  Gaston  became 
a  member.  He  took  part  in  many  of  the  most  impor- 
tant debates,  but  his  greatest  speech  was  in  favor  of 
changing  that  clause  which  was  supposed  to  be  against 
Roman  Catholics. 

At  first  several  members  spoke  against  making  any 
change  at  all.  Most  of  the  members  seemed  to  be 
against  the  change.  Then  Gaston  arose.  People  had 
come  to  Raleigh  from  all  parts  of  the  State  to  hear  him 
speak.  The  convention  hall  was  crowded.  Not  a  sound, 
not  a  whisper,  was  heard  when  Gaston  began  to  speak. 
Members  and  visitors  leaned  forward  eager  to  catch 
ever}-  word  that  he  uttered.  He  spoke  for  two  days. 
So  eloquent  and  so  powerful  was  his  speech  that  every- 
body knew,  long  before  he  closed,  that  he  had  won  a 
great  victory.  When  the  vote  was  taken  it  stood  74  for 
the  change,  52  against  it. 

Gaston's  Popularity.  —  Gaston  had  now  become  one 
of  the  most  popular  men  in  North  Carolina.  In  1840 
the  Legislature  had  to  elect  a  United  States  senator. 
The  Whigs,  who  had  a  majority  of  the  members,  wished 
Gaston  to  accept  the  place.  But  he  declined.  In  his 
letter  he  said:  "I  find  my  heart  yet  throbbing  at  any 
indication  of  the  favorable  opinion  of  my  fellow-citizens; 
and  that  heart  will  have  wholly  ceased  to  beat  before  I 
cease  to  take  an  interest  in  the  happiness  of  this  glorious 
Union,  and  especially  in  our  part  of  it,  the  good  Old 
North  State." 

He  thought  that  his  duties  as  judge  were  "as  impor- 
tant to  the  public  welfare"  as  the  duties  of  a  senator. 


WILLIAM    (JASTO.V  179 

To  explain  the  laws,  to  settle;  disputes  between  men 
peaceably,  to  administer  justice;  "with  a  steady  hand 
and  upright  purpose,  appear  to  me,"  said  he,  "to  be 
among  the  highest  civil  duties.  And  so  long  as  (iod 
spares  me  health  and  understanding  to  perform  these 
faithfully,  how  can  I  better  serve  my  country?"  So  he 
declined  to  accept  an  election  to  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate, and  when  the  Legislature  met  it  elected  (last oil's 
young  friend,  William  A.  (Iraham. 

Gaston  as  an  Orator.  —  Among  the  orators  of  his  day, 
Gaston  took  high  rank.  He  was  always  a  modest  man, 
and  when  he  arose  to  speak  he  would  seem  at  first  to  be 
frightened.  His  limbs  would  tremble  and  his  voice 
quaver.  But  after  speaking  a  few  minutes  he  would 
gain  control  of  himself.  Then  his  voice  became  calm 
and  steady,  and  his  low,  quiet  tones  would  command 
perfect  silence  and  attention.  When  he  spoke,  said  one 
who  often  heard  him,  ''the  grandeur  of  his  expression 
seemed  to  increase,"  and  ''his  whole  person  seemed 
inspired." 

Two  Notable  Orations.  —  Such  a  speaker  was  of  course 
often  invited  to  make  public  addresses.  In  1832  Gaston 
delivered  a  notable  address  at  the  University  Com- 
mencement. The  largest  crowd  that  had  ever  attended 
a  commencement  gathered  to  hear  him.  "Xo  other 
address  ever  delivered  at  the  University,"  it  has  been 
said,  "has  been  so  much  admired  or  so  often  referred  to." 
Three  years  later  he  delivered  an  important  address  at 
the  Commencement  of  Princeton  University. 

In  these  two  speeches  Gaston  spoke  on  the  duties  of 
citizenship.  He  urged  the  students  to  prepare  them- 
selves for  those  duties.  In  the  first  he  pointed  out  the 


180  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

evils  of  slavery  in  the  South,  and  told  the  students  that 
one  of  their  first  duties  would  be  to  find  some  remedy 
for  those  evils.  In  eloquent  words  he  spoke  of  the 
blessings  of  the  Union,  and  warned  the  people  against  the 
men  who  were  trying  to  destroy  it.  He  spoke  also  of 
the  liberty,  the  prosperity,  and  the  happiness  which  they 
enjoyed  under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

11  Surely,"  he  said,  "  such  a  country  and  such  a  Consti- 
tution have  claims  upon  you  which  cannot  be  disre- 
garded. I  entreat  and  adjure  you,  then,  preserve  that 
country,  uphold  that  Constitution.  Resolve  that  they 
shall  not  be  lost  while  in  your  keeping,  and  may  God 
Almighty  strengthen  you  to  fulfil  that  vow." 

Gaston's  Honors.  —  Xone  of  the  men  whom  we  have 
read  about  received  as  many  honors  from  other  states 
as  Gaston.  He  was  made  a  Doctor  of  Laws  by  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  by  Columbia  University 
in  Xew  York,  by  Princeton  University  in  New  Jersey, 
and  by  Harvard  University  in  Massachusetts.  His  name 
was  presented  at  Harvard  by  the  distinguished  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  Judge  Story. 

"My  reason,"  said  Judge  Story,  "for  naming  Air. 
Gaston  was  because  he  is  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
of  American  lawyers  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  phrase; 
and  because,  as  a  private  gentleman,  he  is  all  that  one 
could  wish  or  desire.  I  consider  our  appointment  as 
conferring  honor  upon  ourselves,  not  on  Mr.  Gaston.  I 
am  proud  that  he  should  stand  on  our  catalogue  as  truly 
a  Doctor  of  Laws,  whom  to  know  is  to  respect."  Gaston 
always  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina,  and  for  forty-two  years  served 
as  a  trustee. 


WILLIAM    (1ASTOX  LSI 

Gaston's  Death.  Judge  Caston  died  at  Raleigh, 
January  23,  1S44.  In  the  morning  lie  took  his  seat  as 
usual  in  the  Supreme  Court.  Soon  afterward  he  was 
taken  sick  and  carried  to  his  room.  Later  in  the  day 
he  felt  better,  and  his  friends  called  to  see  him.  They 
talked  and  laughed  gaily.  Judge  (laston  told  several 
interesting  anecdotes.  He  told  of  meeting  in  Washing- 
ton, many  years  before,  a  man  who  did  not  believe  in 
Cod. 

"From  that  day,"  said  Judge  Caston,  "I  always 
looked  on  that  man  with  distrust.  An  infidel  may  be 
an  honorable  man,  but  I  dare  not  trust  him.  A  belief 
in  an  All-ruling  Divinity,  who  shapes  our  ends,  whose 
eye  is  upon  us,  and  who  will  reward  us  according  to  our 
deeds,  is  necessary.  We  must  believe  and  feel  that  there 
is  a  Cod  —  All-wise  and  Almighty."  As  he  spoke  these 
words  he  fell  back,  dead. 

Caston  was  buried  at  New  Bern.  Over  his  grave  is 
a  large  massive  tomb  on  which  is  carved  the  single  word 
"  Caston."  Edward  Everett,  the  great  orator  of  Boston, 
standing  uncovered  by  this  tomb,  declared:  "This 
eminent  man  had  few  equals  and  no  superiors." 

REVIEW 

Give  :m  account  of 

1.  Dr.  Alexander  (laston's  early  life  and  marriage. 

2.  His  services  to  American  independence. 

3.  His  death. 

4.  Margaret  (laston. 

f).  William  (laston's  education. 
().  (laston  as  a  lawyer. 
7.   His  elections  to  the  Legislature. 
•S.   Measures  which  he  favored. 


182  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

9.  How  he  saved  the  state  banks. 

10.  The  burning  and  rebuilding  of  the  capitol. 

11.  Gaston's  service  in  Congress. 

12.  His  election  as  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.     What  his  oppo- 
nents said  about  his  election.     What  his  friends  said. 

13.  His  work  in  ihe  Convention  of  1835. 

14.  What  he  said  about  the  duties  of  a  judge. 

15.  Gaston  as  an  orator. 

16.  His  addresses  at  the  University  and  at  Princeton.     What  he 
said  about  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

17.  His  honors.     What  Judge  Story  said  of  him. 

18.  His  death. 

QUESTIONS   FOR  SPECIAL  STUDY 

1.  Who  were  the  French  "Huguenots"?   Why  were  they  persecuted 
in  France  ? 

2.  What  men  have  we  read  about  who  were  educated  at  Princeton 
University? 

3.  What  is  meant  by  "internal  improvements"? 

4.  How  many  members  do  we   now  have   on  the  Supreme  Court 
of   North  Carolina  ?      How  are  they  chosen?     For  how  long?     What 
are  their  duties? 

5.  Explain  what   Mr.   Seaton  meant  by   "Friendship  in  marble, 
enmities  in  dust." 

(i.  Gaston  was  a  judge  and  member  of  the  Convention  of  1835  at 
the  same  time.  He  could  not  have  been  a  judge  and  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  at  the  same  time.  Explain  the  reason  for  this  difference. 

7.  What  is  meant  by  such  terms  as  "Doctor  of  Laws"?  "Doctor 
of  Divinity"?  Why  are  such  titles  given  to  men? 


CHAPTER   XV 


JAMES   roCIIRAXK   DOBBIN 

Dobbin's  Early  Education. — James  Cochrane  Dobbin 
was  born   at   Fayottevillo,   January   17,    1814.     Pie  was 
a  son  of  Jolin  Dobbin,   a  merchant, 
and  Agnes  Cochrane  Dobbin.     When 
James   was   about    six    years    old    ho 
was  sent   to    school  in   Fayetteville. 
A    few   years    later  he    entered    the 
famous  William  Bingham  School  at 
Hillsboro,  where  he  was  prepared  for 
the  University. 

At  the  University.  —  Dobbin  en- 
tered the  University  when  he  was 
only  fourteen  years  old.  Soon  after- 
ward he  became  a  member  of  the  Philanthropic  Literary 
Society.  Pie  always  took  an  active  part  in  the  work  of 
the  society.  The  training  that  he  received  there  in  debate 
made  him  one  of  the  most  eloquent  orators  of  his  time. 
He  was  elected  to  the  highest  offices  of  the  society. 

At  the  University,  Dobbin  was  one  of  the  best  students 
in  his  class.  He  was  known  for  his  prompt,  faithful 
attendance  to  his  duties  and  ready,  cheerful  obedience 
to  the  rules  of  the  University.  Pie  was  gentle  in  his 
manners,  kind  in  his  actions,  and  correct  in  his  conduct. 
There  was  no  more  popular  student  at  the  University. 

183 


JAMES  C.  DOBBIN 


184 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Dr.  Caldwcll,  president  of  the 
University,  was  often  heard  to 
say:  "  It  would  gladden  my 
heart  to  be  father  to  such  a 
son  as  J aines  C.  Dobbin." 
When  he  was  graduated  in 
1832  Dobbin  ranked  fourth  in 
his  class. 

Dobbin  Studies  Law.— 
Leaving  the  University,  Dob- 
Inn  returned  to  Fayetteville  to 
study  law  under  Judge  Robert- 
Strange.  Judge  Strange  was 
an  able  lawyer  and  his  training 
had  no  little  to  do  with  Dob- 
bin's success.  In  1835  Dobbin 
received  his  license  to  practise 
law  and  settled  at  Fayetteville. 
Dobbin  was  not  impatient  to 
become  famous  as  a  lawyer  all 
at  once.  lie  continued  to  study 
hard  and  paid  close  attention 
to  his  profession.  Though  the 
people  of  the  county  wished 
to  elect  him  to  the  Legislature, 
he  would  not  consent,  for  he 
was  not  ambitious  for  political 
honors. 

Elected  to  Congress.  —  But 
in  1845  the  Democratic  Party 
decided  that  it  could  get  along 
without  him  no  longer.  So 


JAM  MS   CorilHAXK    IKMHIN" 


without  his  knowledge  tliat  party  nominated  him  for 
Congress.  This  time  he  yielded  to  the  people's  wishes. 
But  he  wrote:  "Had  my  personal  wishes  been  con- 
sulted, the  Convention  would  certainly  have  nomi- 
nated some  other  gentleman."  lie  saw.  however,  that 
"discord  and  division"  would  result  if  he  declined,  so 
he  accepted  and  was  elected  by  a  large  majority.  lie 
served  in  Congress  only  two  years  and  then  declined  to 
accept  a  second  election. 

Dobbin  in  the  Legislature.  -  Dobbin  wished  to  remain 
in  private  life,  but  the  people  of  Cumberland  county 
needed  his  services.  So  they  elected  him,  in  1S4S.  a 
member  of  the  (leneral  Assembly.  The  Democrats  in 
the  Legislature  selected  him  as  their  leader.  In  the 
Legislature  he  favored  the  measures  which  he  thought 
would  advance  the  happiness  and  prosperity  of  the 
people,  though  he  often  had  to  oppose  his  own  party. 
He  voted  for  internal  improvements,  and  for  the  build- 
ing of  the  North  Carolina  Railroad. 

The  Work  of  Dorothea  L.  Dix.  —  It  was  in  1S4S  that 
Dobbin  rendered  his  greatest  service  to  North  Carolina. 
At  that  time  the  State  had  no  hospital  for  the  care  of 
insane  persons.  There  were  more  than  a  thousand  such 
persons  in  North  Carolina  and  no  suitable  place  to  care 
for  them.  The  rich  sent  their  insane  to  the  hospitals  of 
other  states,  but  the  poor  could  not  do  this.  Large 
numbers  of  them  were  chained  down  in  cold  rooms,  cells, 
and  cages  of  poorhouses  and  jails.  They  were  often  mis- 
treated and  suffered  cruel  tortures.  Many  of  these 
poor  creatures  could  have  been  cured  if  they  had  been 
cared  for  properly. 

Finally  their  condition  attracted   the  attention  of  a 


186  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

noble  woman  of  Massachusetts.  Her  name  was  Dor- 
othea Lynde  Dix.  She  had  given  up  her  life  to  work 
for  the  insane.  In  1848  she  came  to  North  Carolina  to 
study  the  condition  of  the  insane  in  this  State.  After 
traveling  all  over  the  State  she  wrote  an  account  of  what 
she  saw  and  sent  it  to  the  Legislature.  She  asked  the 
Legislature  to  build  a  hospital  to  cost  $100,000,  in  which 
the  insane  might  be  properly  treated.  But  the  members 
of  the  Legislature  were  afraid  that  the  people  would  not 
approve  of  such  action.  Many  of  them  thought  they 
would  not  be  reflected  to  the  Legislature  if  they  voted 
for  this  hospital.  So  Miss  Dix's  bill  was  defeated  by  a 
large  majority. 

Dobbin's  Great  Triumph.  —  But  Miss  Dix  did  not 
give  up.  On  the  day  the  vote  was  taken  Dobbin  was 
absent  from  the  Legislature.  His  wife  was  very  ill  and 
he  was  at  her  bedside.  Miss  Dix  had  been  nursing  Mrs. 
Dobbin  and  the  two  had  become  good  friends.  One  day 
Mrs.  Dobbin  said  that  she  would  like  to  do  something 
to  show  how  much  she  appreciated  Miss  Dix's  kindness. 
"You  can  do  something,"  replied  Miss  Dix.  "Ask 
your  husband  to  speak  in  favor  of  the  asylum  for  the 
insane."  So  just  before  her  death,  Mrs.  Dobbin  asked 
her  husband,  and  he  promised. 

As  soon  as  possible  after  his  wife's  death,  Dobbin 
returned  to  the  Legislature  and  asked  that  the  asylum 
bill  be  voted  on  again.  His  request  was  granted  and 
he  arose  from  his  seat  to  speak  in  its  favor. 

As  he  spoke  he  seemed  to  forget  himself  in  his  eloquent 
plea  for  the  insane.  He  scarcely  realized  that  he  was 
effecting  anything  until  he  noticed  the  stillness  in  the 
hall  and  saw  tears  in  the  eyes  of  the  Speaker.  He  won 


JAMKS   COCHHANK    DOHHIX  1ST 

a  grout  triumph.  The  bill  was  voted  on  again  and  passed 
by  a  vole  of  91  to  10. 

The  next  day  Aliss  Dix  wrote1  in  great  joy  to  a  friend: 
"  Rejoice,  rejoice  with  me.  Through  toil,  anxiety,  and 
tribulation  my  bill  has  passed.  ...  I  am  not  well, 
though  perfectly  happy.  I  leave  North  Carolina  com- 
pensated a  thousand-fold  for  all  my  labors  by  this  great 
success."  Work  was  soon  begun  on  the  hospital.  A 
beautiful  site  was  selected  for  it  near  Raleigh.  The  site 
is  called  "  Dix  Hill."  A  large,  handsome  building  stands 
in  the  midst  of  a  splendid  grove  of  oaks.  Thousands 
of  unfortunate  insane  persons  have  been  cared  for 
there,  and  many  of  them  have  been  cured.  Since  then 
the  State  has  erected  another  hospital  for  insane  white 
persons  at  Morganton,  and  one  for  insane  negroes  at 
Goldsboro. 

Dobbin  Becomes  Speaker.  —  If  Dobbin  had  rendered 
no  other  service  to  North  Carolina,  the  passage  of  the 
asylum  bill  alone  would  entitle  him  to  our  gratitude. 
But  he  did  render  many  other  services.  In  1S")()  he 
was  again  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  and  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons.  At  this  session  a 
great  debate  occurred  on  the  question  whether  a  State 
had  a  right  to  withdraw  from  the  Union.  Dobbin  made 
one  of  the  greatest  speeches  of  his  life.  He  declared 
that  a  State  did  have  a  right  to  secede  if  it  was  necessary, 
but  he  hoped  that  it  would  never  become  necessary. 
The  day  that  this  Union  is  destroyed,  he  exclaimed, 
"will  be  the  darkest  day  for  human  liberty  the  world 
has  ever  seen."  And  he  made  a  strong  plea  for  good 
will  between  the  North  and  the  South  and  loyalty  to  the 
United  States. 


188  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

Dobbin  as  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  —  Dobbin  was  again 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  in  1852,  and  the  Democrats 
again  chose  him  as  their  leader.  They  also  nominated 
him  for  the  United  States  Senate.  But  there  were  three 
candidates  and  the  parties  were  so  evenly  divided  that 
no  senator  could  be  elected.  For  two  years  North  Caro- 
lina had  only  one  senator.  In  1854  the  Democrats  had 
a  majority  of  the  Legislature.  They  offered  to  elect 
Dobbin  senator,  but  at  that  time  he  was  a  member  of 
the  President's  Cabinet  and  declined. 

In  1852  Franklin  Pierce  was  elected  President  of  the 
L^nited  States.  Dobbin  had  given  important  aid  in 
electing  him,  so  Pierce  appointed  Dobbin  secretary  of 
the  navy.  Dobbin  went  to  Washington  and  entered 
upon  his  duties  March  7,  1853.  He  served  until  March 
6,  1857.  As  secretary  of  the  navy  he  won  a  wide  repu- 
tation throughout  the  Union.  "He  is,"  said  a  distin- 
guished statesman,  "the  most  truthful  public  man  I 
have  ever  known.'' 

Dobbin's  services  as  secretary  of  the  navy  were  of 
the  greatest  importance.  He  destroyed  many  old  abuses. 
He  abolished  corporal  punishment  in  the  navy.  Before 
he  entered  the  office,  the  United  States  had  found  great 
difficulty  in  getting  good  men  to  serve  on  our  vessels. 
Dobbin  declared  that  the  troubles  were  low  wages,  ill 
treatment,  and  lack  of  rewards  for  long  and  faithful 
services.  He,  therefore,  suggested  plans  for  changing 
these  conditions,  and  Congress  adopted  them.  After 
these  plans  were  put  into  operation,  more  and  better 
seamen  were  easily  secured.  Dobbin  believed  that  the 
United  States  ought  to  have  a  large  and  powerful  navy. 
Said  he:  "  I  regard  the  steadv  increase  of  naval 


.IA.MKS 


X!) 


strength  not  as  a  ir<tr,  but  as  a  />rmr  measure."  So  he 
suggested  to  Congress  the  building  of  six  new  first-class 
war  vessels.  Congress  adopted  his  plans  and  voted  the 
money.  Dobbin  gave  the  closest  attention  to  the  build- 
ing of  these  ships.  They 
were  regarded  as  the  finest 
in  the  American  navy. 

The  Return  of  the  Perry 
Expedition.  Just  before 
Dobbin  became1  secretary  of 
the  navy  another  North 
Carolinian,  William  A.  (Ira- 
hum,  had  held  that  office. 
Craham  had  sent  out  an  ex- 
pedition, under  Commodore 
AI.  C.  Perry,  to  make1  a  treaty 
of  peace1  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Emperor  of 
Japan.  But  Craham  resigned  before  Perry  returned 
to  the  United  States.  When  Perry  reached  this  country 
Dobbin  was  the  secretary  of  the  navy.  Perry  brought 
back  an  important  treaty  which,  as  we  shall  sen1  later, 
has  had  a  wonderful  effect  on  the  history  of  the  world. 
This  important  work  was  begun  while  one  North  Caro- 
linian was  at  the  head  of  the  navy  department,  and 
completed  while  another  was  its  head. 

Dobbin's  Return  to  North  Carolina.  Dobbin  did  his 
great  work  in  spite  of  very  poor  health,  lie  realized  that 
his  work  in  the  cabinet  was  slowly  pulling  him  down  to 
the  grave.  At  one  time  he  thought  of  resigning,  but 
the  President  begged  him  not  to  do  so.  lie  therefore 
remained  at  his  post  until  the  end.  On  March  (>,  1S")7.  his 


190  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

term  of  office  came  to  an  end,  and  he  prepared  at  once  to 
return  to  North  Carolina. 

The  people  all  along  the  route  in  the  State  prepared  to 
give  him  a  royal  welcome.  At  Weldon  Matt  W.  Ransom, 
who  was  afterward  for  many  years  a  United  States  sen- 
ator, was  appointed  to  deliver  the  address  welcoming 
Dobbin  back  to  North  Carolina.  But  Dobbin  was  too 
ill  to  leave  the  train,  and  the  ceremonies  were  omitted. 
At  Wilmington,  too,  similar  preparations  were  made  but 
could  not  be  carried  out.  All  the  flags  on  the  vessels  in 
the  harbor  were  displayed  in  honor  of  the  distinguished 
secretary.  A  great  reception  had  been  planned  at  Fay- 
etteville;  but  it,  too,  had  to  be  given  up.  The  committee 
addressed  to  Mr.  Dobbin  a  beautiful  letter  welcoming 
him  back  to  his  native  town.  To  this  he  replied  feelingly 
and  eloquently. 

Dobbin's  Death.  —  Dobbin  and  his  friends  all  realized 
that  he  had  returned  home  to  die.  His  death  occurred 
at  his  home  in  Fayetteville,  August  4,  1S57.  His  last 
words  were:  "Praise  the  Lord,  oh,  my  soul'"  The 
news  of  his  death  was  everywhere  received  with  great 
sorrow.  Many  eloquent  tributes  were1  paid  to  his  mem- 
ory. Probably  no  other  man  in  the  history  of  North 
Carolina  ever  attained  such  eminence,  or  rendered  such 
great  services  to  the  State  and  Nation,  at  so  early  an  age, 
as  James  C.  Dobbin. 

REVIEW 

1.  \Yhon  and  whore  was  Dobbin  born9  Where  did  ho  receive  his 
early  education? 

'2.  How  old  was  lie  when  he  entered  the  University?  (live  an 
account  of  his  career  at  the  University. 


.JAMES   COCHRANE    DOBBIN  101 

;>.   \Vh;i(  is  said  about  Dobbin  as  a  lawyer? 

4.  Tell  about  his  election  to  Congress. 

f>.   What  measures  did  he  support  in  the  Legislature? 
(i.   Describe  the  work  of  Dorothea  Dix  in  North  Carolina. 
7.   Ihnv  did  Dobbin  help  her?      What  did  Miss  Dix  say  about   her 
success? 

5.  What  other  services  did  Dobbin  render  in  the  Legislature? 
!).  (live  an  account  of  his  services  as  secretary  of  the  navy. 

10.  Tell  of  his  return  to  North  Carolina.     His  death. 

QUESTIONS   FOR   SPECIAL   STUDY 

1.  What  other  North  Carolinians  have  been  at  the  head  of  the  Navy 
Department?     Who  were  the  Presidents  at  the  time? 

2.  Explain  what  Dobbin  meant  by  saying  that  a  large  navy  was 
''not  a  ii'dr,  but  a  peace  measure"? 

3.  For  what  purposes  are  war  vessels  used  besides  for  fighting? 


CHAPTER   XVI 


WILLIAM   ALEXANDER   GRAHAM 

Two  Officers  of  the  Revolution.  -  -  Two  of  the  officers 
under  William  R.  Da  vie  who  helped  to  win  for  Charlotte 

the  name  of  "Hornets'  Xest" 
were  Major  Joseph  Graham 
and  Major  John  Davidson. 
During  the  war  they  fought 
side  by  side  for  American 
independence  and  became 
close  friends.  After  the  Rev- 
olution their  friendship  was 
made  still  closer  when  Major 
Graham  married  Major  Da- 
vidson's beautiful  daughter, 
Isabella.  The  young  couple 
made  their  home  in  Lincoln 
county.  They  had  twelve 
children.  Their  eleventh 
child  was  William  Alexander  Graham. 

William  A.  Graham's  School  Days.  --  William  A. 
Graham  was  born  in  Lincoln  county,  September  5,  1S04. 
His  mother  died  when  he  was  only  three  and  a  half  years 
old.  Until  he  was  old  enough  to  go  to  school,  William 
ran  about  the  farm  and  enjoyed  the  free  and  happy  life 
of  a  country  boy.  His  older  brothers  must  have  told 

102 


WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  GRAHAM 


\YII.IJA.M    A[.i:.\A.\l>i:i;    (I  HA  1 1  AM  1W 

him  some  dreadful  laics  about  the  tilings  that  happened 
at  school,  for  \vheii  the  day  came  for  \\  illiatu  to  start  to 
school  he  could  not  be  found.  After  a  long  search  he 
was  discovered  hiding  under  the  bed,  and  kicking  and 
screaming  he  was  dragged  out  by  the  heels. 

His  first  school  was  near  his  home,  but  when  he  was 
a  little  older  he  was  sent  to  a  school  in  Mecklenburg 
county.  There  he  lived  with  an  uncle  three  miles  from 
the  schoolhouse.  Every  day  \Yilliam  rode  horseback 
to  school  with  his  little  friend  James  \V.  Osborne  riding 
behind.  Afterward  he  attended  schools  at  Lincolnton, 
Statcsville,  and  Ilillsboro.  His  teachers  declared  that 
he  was  one  of  their  best  pupils,  and  praised  him  ft>r  his 
sense  of  honor  and  truthfulness.  One  of  his  classmates 
said:  "He  was  the  only  boy  I  ever  knew  who  would 
spend  his  Saturday-;  in  reviewing  the  studies  of  the  week." 

Graham  at  the  University.  —  At  fifteen  Graham 
entered  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  He  was 
noted  for  his  careful  observance  of  the  rules  of  the  college 
and  for  his  courtesy  to  members  of  the  faculty.  He  was 
popular,  too,  with  the  students.  Although  lie  was  a 
hard  student,  he  found  time  to  give  to  reading,  and  to 
pay  close  attention  to  the  work  of  the  Dialectic  Literary 
Society.  There  he  received  the  training  that  made  him 
one  of  North  Carolina's  greatest  orators.  In  1S24  he 
was  graduated  with  the  highest  honors  and  was  selected 
to  be  one  of  the  speakers  at  commencement. 

Admission  to  the  Bar.  --  Leaving  the  University. 
Graham  went  to  Ilillsboro  to  study  law  under  the  great 
lawyer.  Chief  Justice  Kufiin.  In  1*27  he  received  his 
license  and  settled  at  Ilillsboro.  At  that  time  no  other 
town  in  the  State  was  the  home  of  so  manv  eminent 


194  HISTORY  OF  XORTH   CAROLINA 

men.  Among  them  were  Chief  Justice  Ruffin,  Fred- 
erick Xash,  who  afterward  became  chief  justice,  Archi- 
bald D.  Alurphey,  and  Willie  P.  Mangum,  who  became 
a  United  States  senator.  Other  great  lawyers  attended 
the  courts  at  Hillsboro. 

It  was  not  long  before  William  A.  Graham  showed 
himself  able  to  stand  among  the  greatest  of  them.  One 
of  his  first  cases  attracted  a  large  crowd  to  the  court- 
house. He  spoke  so  well  that  the  older  lawyers  present 
were  surprised.  William  H.  Haywood,  of  Raleigh, 
asked  somebody  who  had  prepared  young  Graham's 
speech.  When  told- that  Graham  had  prepared  it  him- 
self, Haywood  exclaimed,  "  William  Gaston  could  have 
done  it  no  better." 

Graham  as  an  Orator.  —  Graham  was  well  fitted  to 
be  a  great  orator.  He  had  read  a  great  deal  and  re- 
membered what  he  read.  All  of  his  speeches  were  pre- 
pared with  great  care.  Besides,  he  looked  like  an  orator. 
Six  feet  in  height,  straight  as  an  arrow,  with  broad,  high 
forehead  and  flashing  eyes,  he  was  the  very  picture  of 
an  orator.  His  manners  were  easy  and  graceful,  and 
his  voice,  though  full  and  strong,  was  soft  and  musical. 
He  spoke  with  much  force  and  feeling,  but  he  was  careful 
to  treat  his  opponents  with  fairness  and  courtesy. 

His  Work  in  the  Legislature.  —  In  1833  Graham  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  and  was  reelected 
seven  times.  In  1X38  he  was  elected  speaker,  and  two 
years  later  was  again  elected  unanimously.  Whenever 
he  rose  to  speak,  the  other  members  listened  attentively 
to  his  words.  lie  served  on  many  of  the  most  important 
committees  of  the  Assembly. 

The   two   things   that    interested   Graham   most   were 


WILLIAM   ALKXAXDKH    (IKAIIAM  I!).") 

education  and  internal  improvements.  He  advocated 
laws  for  the  building  of  good  roads,  the  digging  of  canals, 
and  the  widening  and  deepening  of  channels  of  rivers. 
These  things  he  declared  were  necessary  in  order  that 
fanners  and  manufacturers  might  get  their  products  to 
market  easily  and  cheaply. 

But  (Jrahani's  best  work  was  done  in  behalf  of  schools 
and  railroads.  He  was  one  of  those  statesmen,  very 
rare  in  those  days,  who  thought  that  all  the  children  of 
the  State  ought  to  be  educated  in  schools  supported  by 
public  taxation.  While  traveling  through  Xew  England 
in  1S31  he  wrote  that  of  all  the  interesting  things  that 
he  had  seen  he  liked  best  the  public  schools.  He  called 
them  "the  glory  of  Xew  England."  In  the  Legislature 
he  spoke  eloquently  in  favor  of  public  schools  for  North 
Carolina,  and  he  always  served  on  the  committee  on 
education.  He  wrote  a  large  part  of  the  first  law  to 
provide  public  schools  in  North  Carolina. 

Graham  was  also  greatly  interested  in  the  building 
of  railroads.  The  first  two  railroads  built  in  North 
Carolina  were  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad 
and  the  Raleigh  and  Gaston  Railroad.  Graham  advo- 
cated the  law  for  building  the  former  and  wrote  the  law 
for  building  the  latter.  For  building  these  two  rail- 
roads the  Legislature  voted  large  sums.  Many  members 
of  the  Legislature  opposed  these  measures  because  they 
said  railroads  would  ruin  the  State!  But  Graham  and 
other  leading  men  spoke  eloquently  for  them  and  pointed 
out  their  benefits  so  plainly  that  the  laws  were  passed 
and  work  was  soon  begun  on  the  roads.  We  cannot  see 
now  how  we  could  get  along  without  them. 

Graham   in   the   United    States    Senate.    -  Graham's 


19Q  HISTORY   OF   NORTH  CAROLINA 

work  in  the  Legislature  was  so  wise,  that  in  1840  he  was 
elected  United  States  senator.  In  the  Senate  he  served 
on  several  important  committees  and  took  part  in  some  of 
the  Senate's  most  important  business.  Two  of  his  speeches 
in  the  Senate  attracted  much  attention  in  the  country. 

At  that  time  John  Tyler  was  President.  Tyler  was 
elected  by  the  Whig  Party,  of  which  Graham  was  also  a 
member,  but  he  and  the  Whigs  had  quarreled.  Many 
of  the  leading  Whigs,  therefore,  refused  to  vote  money 
to  enable  him  to  carry  on  the  business  of  the  government. 
But  Graham  declared  such  action  was  unpatriotic.  He 
would  not  cripple  the  whole  government  in  order  to 
spite  the  President.  "I  will  not/'  he  exclaimed,  "stop 
the  action  of  the  government  by  denying  it  the  means 
of  going  on,  no  matter  who  may  be  in  power."  All 
patriotic  people  applauded  this  sentiment. 

On  another  occasion,  during  a  heated  debate,  a  New 
Kngland  senator  declared  that  the  States  would  not 
obey  a  certain  law  which  the  Senate  was  about  to  pass. 
''What  then  will  you  do?"  he  asked.  "Will  the  govern- 
ment send  armed  troops  to  compel  the  States  to  obey?" 
But  Graham  sharply  rebuked  the  Northern  senator  for 
such  unpatriotic  word-;.  The  States,  he  said,  would 
obey  the  Constitution  and  the  laws,  not  from  fear  of 
punishment,  "but  because  it  was  their  duty  to  do  so. 
"It  is  faith,  honor,  conscience,"  he  exclaimed,  "and  not 
the  hangman's  whip"  upon  which  rest  the  blessings  of 
our  government. 

Such  patriotic  words  won  for  Graham  many  friends 
and  admirers.  He  w;is  in  the  Senate  only  two  years, 
but  in  that  I  i me  he-  took  a  leading  place  among  the  states- 
men of  the  I  Dion. 


\\IU.IAM    AI.KX A\l)i:i;    (111. \II.\M  197 

Four  Years  as  Governor.  I'pon  leaving  the  Senate 
in  1X42  (iraham  returned  to  Hill>boro  to  practise  law. 
Hut  the  people  would  not  permit  him  to  remain  in  pri- 
vate life.  In  1X14  they  elected  him  governor,  and  in 
1X4(>  tliey  elected  him  a  second  time.  In  the  first  election 
he  defeated  his  opponent  by  a  majority  of  )i,l -").'],  but  in 
the  second  election  his  majority  was  twice  that  number. 
lie  declared  that  if  he  were  to  consult  his  own  wishes,  ho 
would  decline  the  high  honor,  but,  if  the  people  wanted 
him  to  serve  them,  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  obey.  So 
he  bewail  his  work  as  governor,  .January  1,  1X4"). 

The  new  (iovornor's  inaugural  address  was  heard  by 
a  largo  crowd.  In  it  he  urged  the  people  to  love  and 
honor  their  native  State.  "  If,"  said  he,  "  we  glory  in  the 
name  of  American  citizens,  it  should  be  with  feeling- 
akin  to  filial  affection  and  gratitude  that  we  remember 
we  are  North  Carolinians.  In  our  past  history  we  have 
gained  a  high  character  for  the  virtues  of  honesty  and 
fidelity.  In  the  future  let  us  fervently  unite  our  prayers 
that  our  beloved  Xorth  Carolina  may  still  be  permitted  to 
walk  in  her  integrity,  the  object  of  our  loyalty  and  pride, 
as  she  is  the  home  of  our  hearts  and  affection-;." 

As  governor  (iraham  devoted  his  energies  to  the  im- 
provement of  agriculture,  commerce,  and  education  in  the 
State.  lie  formed  wise  plans  to  increase  the  revenue 
of  the  State  so  that  great  works  of  internal  improvements 
might  bo  carried  on.  lie  urged  the  building  of  railroads, 
canals,  and  public  highways.  He  advocated  an  agricul- 
tural survey  of  the  State  so  as  to  find  out  what  products 
were  best  suited  to  each  section.  lie  earnestly  sup- 
ported the  plans  for  a  school  for  the  deaf  and  dumb, 
and  for  an  asvlum  for  the  insane. 


198  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

In  him  the  public  schools  found  one  of  their  best 
friends.  He  thought  that  their  greatest  need  was  a 
general  head,  called  the  superintendent,  who  should 
"devote  his  whole  time  and  attention  in  imparting  to 
them  vigor  and  usefulness."  This  was  a  subject,  he 
declared,  which  ought  to  "engage  the  best  talents  and 
most  exalted  patriotism  of  the  country."  Afterward, 
in  1852,  the  Legislature  appointed  a  superintendent  as 
Graham  had  suggested. 

The  North  Carolina  Railroad.  —  We  have  already 
seen  how  Graham  while  a  member  of  the  Legislature 
advocated  the  building  of  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon 
and  the  Raleigh  and  Gaston  railroads.  As  governor  he 
urged  the  building  of  another  railroad  from  Raleigh  to 
Charlotte.  The  plan  was  for  the  road  afterward  to  be 
extended  to  Goldsboro.  At  Raleigh  it  would  connect 
with  the  railroads  of  the  North,  at  Charlotte  with  those 
of  the  South,  and  at  Goldsboro  with  both.  It  was  to  be 
called  the  North  Carolina  Railroad.  Governor  Graham 
worked  hard  to  get  the  law  passed  to  vote  money  for 
building  this  railroad.  But  as  the  Democrats  were 
opposed  to  it,  there  was  a  hard  struggle.  The  bill  was 
passed  in  the  House  of  Commons,  but  when  the  vote 
was  taken  in  the  Senate  it  was  a  tie. 

Then  occurred  one  of  the  bravest  and  most  patriotic 
acts  in  our  history.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  Speaker  to 
break  the  tie.  The  speaker  was  Calvin  Graves,  a  Demo- 
crat. He  knew  that  his  party  was  opposed  to  the  bill. 
If  he  voted  for  it,  the  Democrats  would  never  again  elect 
him  to  a  public  office.  Yet  he  believed  that  the  railroad 
would  bo  a  great  blessing  to  the  State.  What  then 
should  he  do?  Should  he  sacrifice  all  his  hopes  of  high 


WILLIAM    ALKXAXDKR    CRAIIAM  100 

j)iibli(t  office,  and  vote  for  the  hill?  Or  should  he  vote 
against  it  and  win  the  applause  of  his  party?  He  did 
not  hesitate,  lie  loved  his  State  better  than  he  did  his 
party,  and  gave  his  vote  for  the  railroad. 

So  the  bill  became  a  law.  Calvin  (Iraves  was  never 
again  elected  to  a  public  office.  Hut  ho  had  done  his 
State  a  great  service,  for  the  North  Carolina  Railroad 
has  proved  to  be  a  groat  blessing  to  the  State.  The 
work  was  begun  in  July,  1S51.  In  the  presence  of  a 
groat  crowd  at  Greensboro,  Calvin  Graves  threw  the 
first  shovel  of  dirt  which  began  this  great  work.  The 
North  Carolina  Railroad  now  runs  from  Goldsboro  to 
Charlotte  and  is  a  part  of  the  Southern  Railway  system. 

War  with  Mexico.  -  While  Graham  was  governor, 
war  broke  out  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 
The  Whigs  wore  opposed  to  this  war.  They  thought 
that  the  United  States  was  wrong  in  her  claims  and  that 
the  war  was  unnecessary.  This  was  also  Governor 
Graham's  opinion.  But  he  thought  also  that,  after  the 
war  was  begun,  it  was  the  duty  of  patriotic  citizens  to 
support  their  own  country. 

So  when  the  President  called  on  North  Carolina  for 
troops,  Governor  Graham  responded  promptly.  He 
issued  his  call  for  volunteers,  and  more  than  throe  times 
the  required  number  offered  their  services.  The  United 
States  army  officer  in  charge  of  these  troops  said:  "Pub- 
lic men  may  differ  about  the  justice  of  the  war,  but 
the  good  people  of  the  Old  North  State  have  shown  that, 
in  a  foreign  war,  they  know  no  party  but  their  country, 
and  no  country  but  their  own." 

Graham  Becomes  a  Member  of  the  President's  Cabi- 
net. -  -  Under  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  no 


200 


HISTORY   OF   XOHTII    CAROLINA 


man  could  be  governor  for  more  than  two  terms,  or  four 
years.  So  in  1849  Governor  Graham  retired  from  that 
office.  His  reputation  as  a  wise  statesman  had  now 
spread  throughout  the  Union.  President  Taylor  offered 
to  appoint  him  United  States  minister  either  to  Russia 
or  to  Spain,  but  he  declined  to  accept  either  place.  The 
next  year  President  Fillmore  asked  him  to  become  a 
member  of  his  cabinet  as  secretary  of  the  navy.  This 

office  Graham  accepted.  As 
secretary  of  the  navy  he  per- 
formed several  important  ser- 
vices for  the  United  States,  but 
here  we  can  mention  only  one 
of  them. 

The  Opening  of  Japan. 
In  18.52  Graham  sent  a  naval 
expedition  to  Japan  that  has 
had  a  wonderful  influence  on 
the  history  of  the  whole  world. 
At  that  time  the  Japanese 
were  only  a  half-civili/ed  people.  They  lived  entirely 
to  themselves.  They  carried  on  no  commerce  with 
foreign  people  and  would  not  even  permit  foreigners  to 
enter  their  country. 

Hut  since  1852  a  great  change  has  taken  place.  To-day 
Japan  carries  on  commerce  with  all  parts  of  the  world, 
and  is  one  of  the  great  and  powerful  nations  of  the  earth. 
Her  people  are  industrious,  enlightened,  and  highly 
civili/ed.  This  wonderful  change1  began  with  the  expe- 
dition which  William  A.  Graham  sent  to  Japan. 

Several  events  had  occurred  which  made4  it  important 
for  the  United  States  to  be  on  friendly  terms  with  Japan. 


PRESIDENT  KILLMORK 


WILLIAM    ALi:\AM)i:i;    CRAIIAM  '201 

California  had  just  been  added  to  tin1  I  nited  States,  so 
that  the  Union  st notched  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 
Thousands  of  people  were  moving  into  that  State  every 
year.  A  railroad  had  just  been  built  across  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama.  Some  American  seamen  who  had  been 


PEKKY  DKLIVKKIN^;   PHKSIDKN-T'S  I.KTTKK  TO  KMPKKOK  OF  .JAI-AV 

shipwrecked   on   the   coast    of  .Japan   had    been    thrown 
into  prison  and  cruelly  treated. 

So  Secretary  Graham  decided  to  send  a  naval  expedi- 
tion to  Japan  to  try  to  make  a  trinity  of  peace  with  the 
Emperor.  He  placed  the  expedition  under  the  command 
of  Commodore  M.  C.  Perry.  Perry  carried,  sealed  in 
a  costly  gold  box,  a  letter  from  the  President  of  the 
United  States  to  the  Emperor  of  Japan.  The  Japanese 
were  very  reluctant  to  have  any  dealings  with  the  for- 
eigners, but  Perry  was  wise  and  careful.  He  finally 
succeeded  in  getting  the  Emperor  to  sign  a  treaty 
which  permitted  the  Japanese  and  the  Americans  to 


202  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

carry  on  trade  with  each  other.  As  we  have  already 
seen,  this  treaty  was  completed  while  James  C.  Dobbin 
was  secretary  of  the  navy.  Since  then  Japan  has  made 
similar  treaties  with  other  nations  and  has  become  one 
of  the  great  commercial  nations  of  the  world. 

Graham  Nominated  for  Vice-President.  —  In  1852 
the  Whig  Party  nominated  Graham  for  the  Vice-Presi- 
dency of  the  United  States.  Accordingly  he  resigned 
his  position  in  the  Cabinet.  In  the  election  the  Whigs 
were  defeated.  Graham  then  returned  to  the  practise 
of  the  law  at  Hillsboro. 

The  Slavery  Question.  —  During  the  next  few  years 
the  whole  country  became  deeply  stirred  over  the  slavery 
question.  When  the  Union  was  formed,  all  of  the  States 
permitted  slaves  to  be  held  within  their  limits.  But 
after  a  fewT  years,  finding  that  slavery  did  not  pay  in  the 
cold  North,  most  of  the  Northern  States  abolished  it. 
Little  by  little  the  Northern  people  began  to  think  that 
slavery  was  a  great  moral  wrong.  They  had  many 
discussions  about  it  and  formed  many  plans  to  have  it 
abolished  throughout  the  Union. 

But  the  Southern  people  did  not  think  it  wrong  to 
hold  slaves.  They  declared  that  the  negroes  were  better 
off  than  if  they  had  remained  in  Africa.  In  the  South, 
they  said,  the  slaves  were  treated  kindly,  cared  for  in 
sickness  and  old  age,  and  taught  the  Christian  religion. 
Both  the  whites  and  the  negroes  in  the  South  were 
satisfied,  so  the  Northern  people  had  no  right  to  interfere 
with  them. 

Congress  had  no  power  to  abolish  slavery  in  any  of  the 
States.  But  Congress  could  declare  that  slaves  should 
not  be  held  in  any  of  the  new  States  which  should  be 


admitted  to  the  Union.  The  North,  therefore,  insisted 
that  this  should  be  done.  The  South  opposed  it.  The 
Southern  people  declared  that  the  territory  from  which 
these  States  were  formed  belonged  to  all  the  people  of 
the  United  States.  Therefore  the  Southern  people  ought 
to  have  the  same  right  to  carry  their  slaves  into  such 
States  as  the  Northern  people  had  to  carry  their  horses 
and  cattle.  Great  disputes  grew  out  of  these  questions. 
Hoth  sides  became  angry  and  said  many  harsh  things 
about  each  other. 

Secession.  --  Finally  some  of  the  Southern  States 
declared  that  if  they  could  not  get  equal  rights  in  the 
Union,  they  would  withdraw  from  the  Union.  Such 
withdrawal  was  called  "secession."  But  the  North 
declared  that  no  State  had  a  right  to  secede  from 
the  Union.  For  a  while  the  two  sections  forgot  their 
quarrel  over  slavery,  and  quarreled  about  the  right  of 
secession. 

In  1800  Abraham  Lincoln,  a  Northern  man  who  was 
bitterly  opposed  to  slavery,  was  elected  President. 
Thereupon  South  Carolina  declared  him  to  be  such  an 
enemy  to  the  South  that  she  would  no  longer  remain  in 
the  Union.  In  1SOO  she  seceded.  Georgia.  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Texas  soon  did  like- 
wise. These  seven  States  then  formed  a  new  government 
called  "The  Confederate  States  of  America,"  and  invited 
the  other  Southern  States  to  join  them. 

Shall  North  Carolina  Secede. —Should  North  Caro- 
lina accept  this  invitation'.'  On  this  question  the  people 
were  divided.  William  A.  Graham  was  among  those 
who  answered.  "No!"  He  loved  the  old  Union  for 
which  his  father  had  fought  so  bravely  and  which  he 


204  HISTORY   OF    NORTH    CAROLINA 

himself  had  served  so  well.  So  he  worked  hard  to 
prevent  North  Carolina  from  seceding.  He  spoke 
powerfully  and  eloquently  in  favor  of  the  Union  and 
against  secession.  When  the  people,  in  February,  1861, 
came  to  vote  on  the  question,  they  followed  Graham's 
advice,  and  voted  against  secession. 

North  Carolina  tried  to  preserve  peace  between  the 
North  and  the  South.  But  in  April,  1861,  war  began 
in  spite  of  her  efforts.  President  Lincoln  then  demanded 
that  North  Carolina  send  troops  to  fight  the  other  South- 
ern States.  But  the  Governor,  John  W.  Ellis,  replied, 
"You  can  get  no  troops  from  North  Carolina."  Even 
Governor  Graham  and  others  who  had  opposed  secession 
now  declared  that  North  Carolina  must  take  her  stand 
with  the  South.  So  a  Convention  was  called  to  meet  at 
Raleigh,  May  20,  1861,  to  decide  what  should  be  done. 
Graham  was  elected  a  member  of  that  Convention.  On 
May  20,  the  Convention  adopted  the  ordinance  of 
secession,  which  separated  North  Carolina  from  the 
United  States.  Graham  voted  for  this  ordinance. 
North  Carolina  then  joined  the  Confederate  States. 

Graham  in  the  Confederate  States  Senate.  —  In  1863 
Graham  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Confederate  States 
Senate.  He  at  once  became  one  of  the  leaders  in  that 
body,  and  was  elected  president,  pro  tem.{  He  gave 
loyal  support  to  the  Confederate  government.  When  he 
saw  that  the  South  could  not  win,  he  urged  President 
Davis  to  makepeace.  President  Davis  declared  that  he 
had  no  power  to  make  peace,  but.  if  the  States  wished 

'The  Vice-President  'Alexander  II.  Stephens)  was  President  of  the 
Senate.  But  the  Senate  elected  a  President  />ro  li  in  to  preside  whenever 
the  Vice-President  of  the  Confederate  States  was  absent. 


to  do  so,  each  one  could  make  peace,  for  herself.  So  in 
April,  1 805  Graham  went  to  Raleigh  to  urge  Governor 
Vance  to  make  peace  for  North  Carolina  and  put  a  stop 
to  further  bloodshed.  But  Vance  was  not  willing  to  do 


THK  CAPITOL  AT  RICHMOND,  VA..  IN  NVHICH  THK  (  'ONKKDKKATK  ('o.\i,iu»  Mi-.r 

so.  Besides,  it  was  too  late,  for  while  they  were  dis- 
cussing the  matter,  (leneral  Lee  surrendered  to  General 
Grant,  and  soon  the  war  was  at  an  end. 

Reconstruction.  After  the  war.  sad  times  followed 
for  the  South.  Union  soldiers  wen4  stationed  in  various 
places  to  overawe  the  people.  Northern  adventurers, 
called  ''carpet-baggers,"  roamed  from  place  to  place, 
protected  by  the  soldiers  while  they  robbed  and  plundered 
at  will.  Ignorant  negroes  were  placed  in  high  and  impor- 
tant offices,  but  such  men  as  Graham  and  Vance  were 
not  allowed  even  to  vote.  Men  who  remained  true  to 


206  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

the  South  were  denied  their  rights,  deprived  of  their 
liberties,  and  often  treated  with  great  cruelty. 

During  those  terrible  days  the  people  of  Xorth  Caro- 
lina looked  to  Governor  Graham  as  their  wisest  leader. 
In  1868  a  great  meeting  of  the  leading  men  of  the  State 
was  held  at  Raleigh.  They  were  to  decide  on  plans  for 
rescuing  the  State  from  the  carpet-baggers  and  negroes. 
Governor  Graham  was  selected  as  the  leader  of  this 
convention.  He  opened  the  session  with  a  speech  which 
aroused  the  members  from  their  despair  and  planted 
in  them  a  determination  to  rescue  the  State. 

How  a  Governor  was  Punished.  —  This  Convention 
formed  a  new  party  made  up  of  men  who  had  been  Demo- 
crats and  men  who  had  been  Whigs  before  the  war.  All 
forgot  their  old  differences  in  trying  to  save  the  State 
from  the  new  dangers.  They  called  their  new  party  the 
Conservative  Party.  In  1870  Graham  led  this  party  to 
victory.  He  then  advised  the  Legislature  to  impeach 
the  governor,  William  W.  Holden.  Holden  had  been 
elected  by  the  carpet-baggers  and  negroes,  and  was 
accused  of  committing  crimes  against  the  State. 

Graham's  advice  was  taken,  and  Holden  was  brought 
before  the  Senate  to  be  tried.  Graham  made  a  powerful 
speech  against  him.  He  showed  that  Governor  Holden 
had  disobeyed  the  Constitution  and  broken  the  laws  of 
the  State.  The  Senate  found  him  guilty  of  the  charges, 
and  removed  him  from  office.  Thus  the  rule  of  the  carpet- 
baggers and  negroes  was  overthrown  in  Xorth  Carolina. 

Graham's  Work  for  Education.  -Governor  Graham 
always  took  a  deep  interest  in  education.  In  1X34  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Hoard  of  Trustees  of  the 
Vniversitv  and  served  until  his  death. 


WILLIAM    ALF.XAXDKR   C.HAIIAM  207 

Olio  of  the  greatest  calamities  of  the  war  in  North 
Carolina  was  the  destruction  of  the  public  schools.  The 
people  of  the  South  were  too  poor  immediately  after  the 
war  to  reopen  their  schools.  In  !X(i7  George  Peabody, 
a  wealthy  merchant  of  New  England,  gave  *:•>, 500. ()()() 
to  l>e  used  in  helping  to  reestablish  the  schools  of  the 
South.  He  appointed  a  hoard,  called  "The  Poabody 
Education  Board,"  to  manage  this  fund.  It  was  com- 
posed of  some  of  the  best  known  men  in  the  United 
States.  One  of  them  was  (!overnor  Graham.  He 
served  on  the  board  until  his  death  and  was  deeply  inter- 
ested in  its  work.  Through  the  work  of  this  board 
hundreds  of  schools  in  the  South  were  reopened,  and 
thousands  of  Southern  boys  and  girls  were  educated. 

Graham's  Last  Service  and  Death.  --  The  last  service 
Graham  was  called  on  to  render  was  for  the  State  of 
Virginia.  For  many  years  Virginia  and  [Maryland  had 
had  a  dispute  about  their  boundary  line.  In  1X74  they 
agreed  to  select  three  men  to  decide  the  dispute.  Vir- 
ginia selected  Governor  Graham.  Maryland  selected 
Governor  Black  of  Pennsylvania.  The  third  man  was 
Governor  Winston  of  Alabama.  In  the  summer  of  1X7.") 
they  met  at  Saratoga  Springs.  New  York,  to  begin  their 
work.  But  soon  after  mooting.  Governor  Graham  was 
taken  seriously  ill,  and  on  August  11,  1X75,  he  died. 

Great  honor  was  paid  to  his  memory  by  the  two 
States  whose1  dispute  he  was  trying  to  settle,  and  by 
his  native  State.  His  body  was  placed  in  the  Capitol 
at  Haleigh.  where  thousands  of  people  came  to  see  their 
great  leader  for  the  last  time.  Then,  escorted  by  the 
soldiers  of  the  State,  it  was  taken  to  Hillsboro  and 
buried  in  the  Presbvterian  Churehvard.  Of  him  Gov- 


208  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

ernor  Stuart  of  Virginia,  who  knew  him  well,  said:  "I 
have  rarely  met  a  wiser  man,  and  never  a  better  man 
than  William  A.  Graham." 

GEOGRAPHY   STUDY 

1 .  Trace  the  course  of  the  Wilmington  and  \Yeldon  Railroad. 

2.  The  Raleigh  and  Gaston  Railroad  ran  between  the  two  towns  of 
those   names.     It   is  now  part   of  the  Seaboard  Air   Line   Railroad. 
Trace  its  course. 

3.  What  towns  and  counties  do  these  two  railroads  pass  through? 

REVIEW 

1.  When   and   where   was  Graham   born?     Tell   about   his   school 
days. 

2.  What  is  said  about  his  work  at  the  University? 

3.  What  profession  did  he  choose?     Where  did  he  make  his  home? 
Who  were  some  of  the  lawyers  there  at  the  time?     What  success  did 
Graham  have? 

4.  How  was  he  fitted  to  be  an  orator? 

5.  Give  an  account  of  his  services  in  the  Legislature. 

().   What  is  said  of  his  services  in  the  United  States  Senate? 

7.  Tell  about  Graham's  election  as  governor.     What  did  he  say 
about  North  Carolina  in  his  inaugural  address? 

8.  Give  an  account  of  his  services  as  governor. 

9.  Tell  the  story  of  the  fight  for  the  North  Carolina  Railroad. 

10.  What  did  Graham  think  about  the  war  with  Mexico?     How  did 
he  help  the  United  States? 

11.  To  what  office  was  he  appointed  by  President  Fillmore? 

12.  Give  an  account,  of  the  expedition  he  sent  to  Japan. 

13.  Explain  what  the   North   and  the  South   each  thought  about 
.slavery. 

14.  What  power  did  Congress  have  over  slavery?     How  did  this 
lead  to  disputes  between  the  North  and  the  South? 

If).   What   remedy   did   the   South  suggest?     What   did   the   North 
say  about  secession? 

10.  Tell  about  the  formation  of  the  Confederate  States. 


17.  What  did  the  people  of  North  Carolina  say  and  do  about  seces- 
sion? What  was  Craham's  position? 

IS.  What  event  occurred  in  April,  lS(51,that  changed  the  ideas  of 
such  men  as  (irahain?  What  did  the  State  then  do?  What  was  the 
date  of  the  secession  of  North  ( 'arolina? 

10.  (.live  an  account  of  (Irahain's  services  as  Confederate  States 
Senator. 

20.  What     is    meant    by    ''Reconstruction"?     What    services    did 
(Irahain  render  to  the  State  during  those  days? 

21.  What   new  party  was  formed  in   1M)S?     What  was  its  object? 
Who  was  its  leader?      What  success  did  it  have? 

22.  Give  an  account  of  Craham's  work  for  education. 

23.  What  service  did  ( irahain  render  the  State  of  Virginia? 

24.  Write  a  summary  of  his  life. 

.QUESTIONS    FOR    SPECIAL   STUDY 

1.  Explain  how  good  roads  and  other  internal  improvements  help 
the  people  of  any  community. 

2.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  "bill"  and  a  "law"  ? 

3.  What  were  the  causes  of  the  war  with  Mexico?     Why  were  the 
Whigs  opposed  to  this  war? 

4.  Make  a  list  of  the  members  of  President  Fillmore's  Cabinet. 

").  Explain  how  the  adding  of  California  to  the  United  States 
affected  our  relations  with  Japan. 

(5.  Explain  fully  the  difference  between  the  ideas  of  the  North  and 
the  South  on  slavery.  On  secession. 

7.  Why  did  North  Carolina  refuse  to  secede  in  February,   ISfo'l, 
and  then  secede  in  May,  18(51  ? 

8.  Who  were  the  carpet-baggers  and  why  were  they  called  that? 

0.  Many  schools  in  North  Carolina  have,  received  aid  from  the 
Peabodv  Education  Fund.  Is  vours  one  of  them? 


CHAPTER   XVII 
CALVIX    HEXDERSOX   WILEY 

The  Founding  of  Colleges.  --  We  have  soon  how 
William  R.  Da  vie  and  others  worked  to  establish  the 
University.  After  the  year  1800  several  other  colleges 
were  built.  Among  them  were  colleges  for  girls  at 
Salem,  Greensboro  and  Raleigh,  and  such  colleges  for 
boys  as  Wake  Forest,  Davidson,  Trinity,  and  duilford. 
All  of  these  colleges,  except  the  University,  were  under 
the  control  of  the  various  churches  of  the  State.  The 
University  was  a  great  public  school,  controlled  by  the 
State.  But  it  was  intended  only  for  well-advanced  boys. 
Many  years  passed  after  the  founding  of  the  University 
before  any  public  schools  for  little  folk  were  opened. 

Common  Schools. -- The  three  men  who  took  the 
loading  part  in  the  founding  of  public  schools  for  beginners 
wore  Bartlett  Yancey,  Joseph  Caldwell,  and  Archibald 
1).  Murphey.  Yancey  was  for  many  years  one  of  the 
leading  members  of  the  Legislature.  Caldwell  was  pres- 
ident of  the  University.  Murphey  was  a  learned  lawyer, 
a  fine  scholar  and  an  eminent  judge. 

In  1810  Murphey  prepared  a  plan  for  public  schools 
which  he  presented  in  1817  to  the  Legislature.  Such 
schools  then  were  called  "common  schools."  Murphoy's 
plan  was  considered  so  good  that  he  is  often  called  the 
"Father  of  the  Common  Schools."  Yancey  and  Cald- 

210 


well  supported  Murphey's  plan  and  all  throe  spoko  and 
wrote  strongly  for  (lie  coinnion  schools. 

The  Literary  Board.  But  neai'ly  ten  years  passed 
before  they  could  got  the  Legislature  to  do  anything. 
In  1X2.")  the  Legislature  passed  a  law  to  lay  aside  certain 
money  to  be  used  for  the  support  of  common  schools. 
This  was  to  be  called  the  "  Literary  Fund,"  and  was 
to  be  managed  by  five  men  who  were  called  the  "Liter- 
ary Board."  At  first  the  fund  was  small,  and  ten  more 
years  passed  before  any  of  it  was  used  for  education. 
In  1X37  North  Carolina  received  more  than  one  million 
dollars  as  her  share  of  some  money  which  the  United 
States  Government  distributed  to  the  States.  The 
Legislature  passed  a  law  to  add  most  of  this  money  to 
the  Literary  Fund,  and  the  fund  soon  amounted  to 
about  two  million  dollars. 

Opening  of  the  Common  Schools. —  In  1X40,  therefore, 
the  common  schools  were  opened.  But  for  several 
years  they  did  not  do  very  well  and  the  people  wore  not 
satisfied  with  them.  The  members  of  the  Literary 
Board  all  had  other  work  to  do  and  of  course  could 
not  give  much  attention  to  the  schools.  Many  people 
thought  that  the  schools  ought  to  have  one  man  at  their 
head  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  look  after  them  and 
nothing  else.  Such  an  officer  would  be  called  the  super- 
intendent of  common  schools.  So  in  1X.~J2  the  Legis- 
lature passed  a  law  to  place  a  superintendent  in  charge  of 
the  schools,  and  elected  to  that  important  office  Calvin 
Henderson  Wiley. 

Calvin  Henderson  Wiley. —  None  of  the  men  that 
we  have  read  about  did  a  more  important  work  for 
North  Carolina  than  Calvin  II.  Wilev.  He  was  elected 


212 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


superintendent  of  common  schools  six  times,  and  re- 
mained at  their  head  for  thirteen  years.  The  people  had 
great  confidence  in  him  and  became  very-proud  of  their 
schools.  In  these  schools  thousands  of  children  received 
the  only  education  they  ever  had. 

Calvin   H.    Wiley   was   born   on   a   farm   in   Guilford 

county,  February  3,  1819. 
The  first  member  of  his 
family  in  North  Carolina 
came  from  Pennsylvania 
some  time  before  the  Revo- 
lution. His  grandfather, 
David  Wiley,  when  a  small 
boy,  was  present  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Alamance.  When  the 
Revolution  broke  out  David 
Wiley  entered  the  American 
army  and  fought  bravely  for 
American  independence. 
Calvin  H.  Wiley's  father 
was  David  L.  Wiley  and  his 
mother  was  Anne  Woodburn. 
His  mother  hoped  that  he 

would  become  a  Presbyterian  preacher,  so  she  selected 
for  him  the  names  of  two  Presbyterian  ministers,  that 
of  the  great  John  Calvin  and  that  of  her  old  pastor, 
Rev.  Dr.  Henderson. 

Wiley's  Early  Life.  At  an  early  age  young  Wiley 
was  sent  to  Caldwell  Institute  at  (ireensboro,  where  he 
was  prepared  for  college.  In  1830  he  entered  the  Uni- 
versity, where  he  was  graduated  in  1X40.  Instead  of 
entering  the  ministry,  he  decided  to  study  law.  In  1841 


CALVIN   H.    WILLY 


CALVIN    HKNDKKSON    WILKY  213 

lie  settled  at  Oxford  to  practise  his  profession.  But 
clients  were  few  in  number  and  the  young  attorney 
found  more  time  than  cases  on  his  hands.  But  lie  made 
good  use  of  his  spare  time  by  reading  and  writing.  From 
1S41  to  1S43  he  was  editor  of  a  paper  called  the  Oxford 
Mercury.  In  1847  lie  published  a  novel  called  "  Ala- 
mance,"  and  two  years  later  a  second  novel  called 
"  Roanoke." 

Wiley  Discovers  Two  Great  Evils.  —  But  Wiley  soon 
found  more  important  work  to  do  than  writing  novels. 
He  had  noticed  two  evils  in  North  Carolina  that  gave 
him  much  anxiety. 

First,  he  noticed  that  North  Carolina  was  regarded  by 
publishing  companies  as  one  of  the  best  states  in  the 
Union  for  the  sale  of  trashy  books,  and  that  every  year 
thousands  of  such  books  were  sold  in  the  State. 

Secondly,  he  noticed  that  every  year  thousands  of 
people  were  leaving  North  Carolina  and  moving  to  the 
South  and  West.  North  Carolina,  he  declared,  seemed 
to  be  ''regarded  by  its  own  citizens  as  a  mere  nursery 
to  grow  up  in."  The  sign  "For  Sale"  seemed  to  be 
posted  all  over  the  State.  "The  ruinous  effects,"  he 
wrote,  "  are  eloquently  recorded  in  deserted  farms,  .  .  . 
in  the  absence  of  improvements,  and  in  the  hardships, 
sacrifices  and  sorrows  of  constant  emigration." 

Wiley  Proposes  a  Remedy.  --  Wiley  set  himself  the 
task  of  finding  a  remedy  for  these  evils.  After  carefully 
studying  the  situation  he  decided  that  the  only  remedy 
was  education.  The  children  of  North  Carolina,  he 
declared,  must  be  taught  to  love  their  own  State,  to  take 
a  pride  in  her  welfare,  and  to  understand  the  opportu- 
nities which  she  offered  to  them.  Thev  must  also  be 


214  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

trained  how  to  make  use  of  those  opportunities.  This 
great  work  could  be  done  only  by  the  common  schools, 
and  the  great  need  of  the  common  schools  was  a  superin- 
tendent to  direct  them  in  their  work. 

To  this  work  Wiley  decided  to  devote  his  life.  In 
1849  he  left  Oxford  and  returned  to  Guilford  county. 
There  he  told  the  people  what  he  wanted  to  do.  In 
order  to  do  it  he  must  become  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture. So  he  asked  the  people  of  Guili'ord  county  to 
elect  him  their  representative  in  the  Legislature  of  1850. 
The  people  had  great  confidence  in  him  and  chose  him 
to  represent  them  in  the  General  Assembly.  When  the 
Legislature  met,  Wiley  worked  hard  to  get  a  law  passed 
to  provide  a  superintendent  for  the  common  schools. 
He  spoke  eloquent!}'  in  favor  of  his  plan. 

"These  schools,"  he  said,  ''have  been  open  for  seven 
or  eight  years.  ...  In  that  time  they  have  shed  on 
thirty  thousand  darkened  souls  the  strengthening  and 
healthful  light  of  knowledge.  .  .  .  But  perhaps  there 
are  those  who  believe  the  book  of  knowledge  should  be  a 
sealed  book  to  the  millions.  I  have  heard  such  opinions 
expressed.  ...  I  can  only  say,  in  answer  to  those 
who  may  think  so,  that  in  all  my  observation  I  have 
found  happiness,  comfort,  and  intelligence  dwelling  to- 
gether. .  .  .  Let  the  laborer  as  well  as  the  politician 
be  educated,  and  our  ships  and  fields  and  farms  will 
then  take  rank  with  our  sermons  and  speeches.  You 
have  doubtless  seen  magicians  taking  any  amount  of 
stores  from  a  bag  of  plenty  which  appeared  to  be 
empty:  the  free  schoolhouses,  the  dirty  log  houses  .  .  . 
are  filled  with  untold  treasures  if  we  but  only  knew  how 
to  draw  them  out." 


CALVIN    HKNDKRSON    WII.KV 


Hut  the  Legislature,  in  spite  of  his  powerful  appeal, 
refused  to  pass  his  hill.  However,  he  did  not  give  up 
the  fight.  In  1X.Y2  he  returned  to  the  Legislature  and 
again  went  to  work  for  t  lie  common  schools.  He  was  so 
much  in  earnest,  he  worked  so  hard,  and  he  spoke  so 
eloquently  in  favor  of  his  plan,  that  this  time  he  suc- 
ceeded. A  law  was  passed  providing  for  a  superintendent 
of  the  common  schools,  and  when  the  time  came  to  elect 
a  man  to  the  office  all  eyes  turned  at  once  toward  Wiley 
himself.  So  he  was  elected  and  began  his  work  January 

Wiley's  Task.  --  Wiley  found  a  hard  task  before  him. 
The  schools  were  in  a  wretched  condition.  Most  of  the 
school-houses  were  mere  log  hovels.  Teachers  were1 
scarce  and  generally  very  poor.  They  cared  hut  little 
about  their  work.  The  money  for  the  schools  was 
being  wasted.  The  people  did  not  understand  how  to 
manage  their  schools.  Many  thought  they  were  charity 
schools  intended  only  for  poor  children.  Others  had 
no  confidence  in  their 
work.  They  were1 
poorly  attended,  and 
thousands  of  children 
were  growing  up  in 
ignorance  because 
they  had  no  one  to 
direct  their  educa- 
tion. 

First  of  all  the  su-  TlIE  °LD  TTPE  OF  * 

perintendent  had  to  teach  the  people  what  common 
schools  really  were.  He  rode  nearly  all  over  the  State. 
from  the  mountains  to  the  sea,  in  an  old-fashioned  bugirv. 


216  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

talking  to  the  people  about  education  and  trying  to  get 
them  interested  in  their  schools.  He  wrote  about  the 
schools  in  the  newspapers,  in  hundreds  of  letters,  in 
messages  to  the  governor,  and  he  spoke  about  them 
in  eloquent  speeches. 

Two  of  his  hardest  tasks  were  to  teach  the  officers 
their  duties  and  to  teach  the  teachers  how  to  teach.  To 
aid  in  this  important  work  he  established  in  every  school 
district  a  Teachers'  Library  Association  to  supply  the 
teachers  with  good  books.  He  began  the  publication 
of  a  teachers'  magazine  called  the  North  Carolina  School 
Journal.  He  organized  the  teachers  of  the  State  into 
a  State  Teachers'  Association.  Others  had  tried  several 
times  to  organize  a  teachers'  association,  but  where  they 
failed  Wiley  succeeded. 

What  Wiley  Accomplished.  —  His  work  was  slow  and 
discouraging.  But  Wiley  had  patience  and  determina- 
tion. He  resolved  to  succeed,  and  he  did  not  know  the 
meaning  of  the  word  "  give-up."  And  in  the  end  he  did 
succeed.  Old  friends  of  the  schools  were  discovered 
and  put  to  work.  Many  new  friends  were  made. 
Enemies  were  met  and  routed.  Better  school-houses 
were  built.  The  school  term  was  made  longer  than 
ever  before.  Incompetent  officers  were  removed,  and 
the  good  ones  were  spurred  on  to  better  work.  Poor 
teachers  were  dismissed,  and  better  ones  put  in  their 
places.  The  colleges  began  to  take  an  interest  in  the 
common  schools,  and  the  people  were  proud  of  them. 

When  Wiley  began  his  work  there  were  only  800 
public  school  teachers  in  the  State.  He  increased  this 
number  to  more  than  2,000.  The  number  of  schools  was 
increased  from  less  than  2,000  to  nearly  3,000.  He 


CALVIN    HKNDMKSON    \VILKV 


increased  tlie  amount  of  money  spent  each  year  from 
$130,000  to  $400,000.  When  he  took  charge  he  found 
only  83,000  children  enrolled;  this  number  was  increased 
to  110,000.  And  those  110,000  children  had  better 


A     MODEK.Y   RURAL   KLEMEXTAKY  SCHOOL-HOUSE 
(Many  are  found  in  North  Carolina) 

school-houses,  better  books,  better  teachers,  and  longer 
terms  than  the  83,000  had  had. 

Besides  these  improvements,  the  people  were  no 
longer  leaving  North  Carolina  in  such  large  numbers. 
The  spirit  of  education  was  bringing  about  industrial 
progress  and  agricultural  improvement.  The  people 
were  becoming  aware  of  the  opportunities  offered 
in  North  Carolina  and  were  more  attached  to  their 
homes  than  ever  before.  Everybody  admitted  that 
the  success  of  the  common  schools  was  due  to 
Calvin  H.  Wilev. 


218  HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

Shall  the  Common  Schools  be  Closed?  —  But  suddenly 
everything  was  changed.  In  1861,  just  as  the  common 
schools  were  beginning  to  do  their  best  work,  the  great 
war  between  the  North  and  the  South  broke  out.  North 
Carolina  needed  large  sums  of  money  to  buy  arms, 
ammunition,  food,  and  clothes  for  her  soldiers.  Some 
persons  suggested  that  the  common  schools  be  closed 
and  the  school  money  used  for  the  purposes  of  war. 
Wiley  was  strongly  opposed  to  this.  "No  people,"  he 
exclaimed,  ''can,  or  ought  to  be  free,  who  are  not  willing 
to  educate  their  children."  The  schools,  he  said,  must 
be  kept  open  in  spite  of  the  war. 

He  first  went  to  see  the  Governor.  The  Governor 
heard  him  gladly  and  promised  to  help  him.  Then 
Wiley  went  before  the  Legislature  and  spoke  for  the 
schools.  Here  he  had  his  hardest  fight,  for  many  of  the 
members  were  in  favor  of  closing  the  schools  until  after 
the  war.  But  Wiley  was  just  as  determined  to  fight  the 
battles  of  the  children  as  the  soldiers  were  to  fight 
the  battles  of  their  country.  He  fought  hard  and  won  a 
great  victory.  The  Legislature  declared  that  the  school 
money  must  not  be  used  for  war  purposes  and  that  the 
schools  must  be  kept  open. 

The  Schools  are  Kept  Open.  —  So  in  spite  of  war 
and  poverty  and  suffering  Wiley  kept  the  doors  of  the 
common  schools  open.  But  of  course  they  suffered  from 
the  war  just  as  everything  else  did.  Wiley's  difficulties 
were  greater  than  ever,  lie  found  it  hard  to  get  text- 
books. He  found  it  hard  to  get  teachers.  But  in  spite 
of  ail  these  troubles,  and  a  hundred  others,  in  1SG3  the 
common  schools  enrolled  more  than  .">(),()()()  children. 
Nothing,  declared  Wiley,  reflected  greater  honor  on 


:\1)KRS<>\    WILKV 


Norlh   Carolina,   or  showed   hci1  spirit    better,   than  this 
fact! 

The  Schools  are  Closed.  Hut  when  the  war  came  to 
a  close  and  the  South  was  defeated,  everything  was 
thrown  into  confusion.  Men  from 
the  North  who  cared  nothing  for 
North  Carolina  gained  control  of 
the  State.  They  turned  Governor 
Vance  and  the  other  officers  out  of 
their  offices.  Men  who  had  boon 
true  to  the  South  wore  not  allowed 
either  to  hold  office  or  to  vote. 
Their  places  wore  taken  by  North- 
ern "carpet-baggers"  and  ignorant 
negroes. 

Wiley,  too,  was  dismissed  from 
office.  Then  the  common  schools, 
which  ho  had  kept  open  during 
all  the  terrible  days  of  war,  were 
closed.  But  he  had  done  a  great 
work  for  the  State.  Many  thou- 
sand children  who  could  never  have 
gone  to  any  other  schools  had  boon 
taught  in  the  common  schools  and 
become  educated  men  and  women. 

Wiley  Enters  the  Ministry. 
While  he  was  superintendent  of  com- 
mon schools  Wiley  studied  theology 

and  became  a  Presbyterian  minister.  Many  honors  wore 
bestowed  on  him.  He  was  frequently  asked  to  make 
educational  addresses  both  in  North  Carolina  and  in 
other  states.  The  Legislature  of  Georgia  invited  him 


220  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

to  address  them  on  the  subject  of  common  schools  and 
to  help  them  organize  in  Georgia  such  a  system  as  he 
had  organized  in  North  Carolina.  In  1881  the  Uni- 
versity conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Divinity. 

Wiley's  Last  Years.  —  After  the  war  Dr.  Wiley  moved 
for  a  short  time  to  Tennessee,  but  in  1874  returned  to 
North  Carolina.  From  then  till  his  death  his  home 
was  in  Winston.  In  that  city  he  became  the  leader  in 
establishing  the  Winston  graded  schools,  and  for  many 
years  was  the  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees.  He 
died  in  Winston,  January  11,  1887.  The  school  children 
of  Winston  have  erected,  on  their  playground,  a  monu- 
ment to  his  memory. 

REVIEW 

Give  an  account  of  — 

1.  The  founding  of  colleges  in  North  Carolina. 

2.  The  leaders  in  the  founding  of  common  schools. 

3.  The  Literary  Board. 

4.  The  opening  of  the  common  schools. 

i).  The  early  life  of  Calvin  H.  Wiley.     His  education. 

0.  The  two  great  evils  that  Wiley  discovered  in  North  Carolina. 

7.  The  remedy  that  he  proposed. 

5.  His  plan  for  obtaining  this  remedy. 

!).  What  he  said  about  the  common  schools. 

10.  Educational    conditions    in    North    Carolina    when    Wiley   took 
charge  of  the  common  schools. 

11.  His  plans  1o  interest  the  people  in  education. 
\'2.   Results  of  his  work. 

]'.',.   Kffccl  of  the  Civil  War  on  the  common  schools. 
14.  The  closing  of  the  schools. 
1").    Wilev's  career  after  the  war. 


( 'A  IAIN    HENDERSON    WIKEY  221 

QUESTIONS    FOR    SPECIAL   STUDY 

1.  What  schools  were  founded  for  gills  at  Salem,  Greensboro,  and 
Raleigh  before   IS  10?     When  and  where  were  Wake  Forest,  Trinity, 
Davidson,    Elon,  and  (luilford  colleges  founded? 

2.  What  official  is  now  at  the  head  of  the  public  school  system  of 
North  Carolina9     Make  a  list  with  the  dates  of  their  terms  of  all  the 
men  who  have  held  this  office  in  North  Carolina. 

',].   flow  is  money  raised  in  North  Carolina  for  the  support  of  public 
schools? 


CHAPTER   XVIII 


ZEBULOX   BAIRD   VAXCE 

The  Vances  and  the  Bairds.  —  Zcbulon  Baird  Vance 
was  born  about  ten  miles  from  Asheville,  May  13,  1830. 
His  father's  name  was  David  Vance,  his  mother's  Mar- 
garet   Baird.     They    named 
their  boy  after  his  mother's 
father,  Zebulon  Baird. 

The  Vances  and  the  Bairds 
were  among  the  earliest 
settlers  in  the  mountainous 
section  of  Xorth  Carolina. 
During  the  Revolution  both 
families  sent  sturdy  patri- 
ots to  the  American  army. 
Some  of  them  were  among 
the  heroes  of  King's  Moun- 
tain. From  them  young 
Zebulon  B.  Vance  inherited 
a  strong  mind,  a  vigorous 
body,  and  an  intense  love  of 
liberty. 

The  house  in  which  Zcbulon  B.  Vance  was  born,  was 
a  small,  simple  farmhouse.  But  it  stood  amid  some 
of  the  grandest  scenery  on  the  American  continent. 
Near  by  the  beautiful  French  Broad  river  flowed  through 
a  green  valley.  The  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Blue  Ridge 


Z.   15.   VANCE 


XKBTLOX    KAIUI)    VAXCF.  223 

Mountains  threw  their  shadows  on  the  little  cottage. 
Within  plain  view  was  Alt.  Mitchell,  the  highest  moun- 
tain cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Forests  of  giant 
oaks  and  hickory  and  laurel  covered  the  mountain  sides. 
The  valley  was  bright  with  flowers  and  musical  with  the 
songs  of  birds. 

All  this  beauty  and  grandeur  had  a  strong  effect  on 
the  lad  who  grew  up  in  its  midst.  It  kindled  his  imagi- 
nation; it  planted  in  him  an  intense  love  of  nature;  it 
filled  him  with  a  deep  pride  in  his  native  land;  and  it 
aroused  in  him  an  ambition  to  be  of  some  great  service 
to  his  country. 

Vance  at  School.  -  There  were  no  good  schools  near 
young  "Zeb"  Vance's  home.  The  poorest  boy  in 
North  Carolina  to-day  can  find  a  better  school  right  at 
his  door  than  "Zeb"  Vance  could  have  found  in  many 
a  mile  of  the  French  Broad.  When  he  was  twelve  years 
old  his  father  sent  him  across  the  mountains  to  a  school 
in  Tennessee.  He  also  sent  him  some  good  advice.  "Do 
mind  your  books,"  he  wrote,  "and  be  careful  of  giving 
offense  to  your  school  mates."  "Zeb"  seems  to  have 
minded  his  books  well,  for  his  mother  wrote  to  him:  "  We 
are  very  glad  to  hear  that  you  are  learning  so  fast.  We 
hope  that  you  will  improve  your  time  so  as  to  make  a 
great  and  good  man." 

Vance  and  his  Mother.  —  Many  years  afterward, 
while  he  was  governor  of  his  State  and  was  great  and 
famous,  he  remembered  those  words;  and  it  made  him 
happy  to  think  that  he  had  not  disappointed  his  mother. 
Her  last  words  to  him  were,  "God  bless  you,  my  dear 
boy!  You  have  been  a  good  and  loving  son  to  me." 
"How  happy  it  made  me  feel!"  he  wrote  to  one  of  his 


224  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

friends.  "Believe  me,  ...  I  would  not  exchange 
the  feeling  those  blessed  assurances  of  my  Mother's  love 
and  approbation  inspire  for  all  the  honors  I  ever  have 
received  or  may  receive  in  this  world." 

Vance  had  been  at  school  but  a  short  time  when  he 
was  called  home  by  the  death  of  his  father.  For  the 
next  seven  or  eight  years  he  had  to  work  to  help  his 
mother  support  the  family.  It  was  a  hard  task,  but 
"Zeb"  never  grumbled. 

Vance  at  the  University.  —  When  he  became  twenty- 
one  Vance  decided  to  study  law.  He  wanted  to  go  to 
the  University,  but  had  no  money.  What  then  should 
he  do?  At  that  time  the  president  of  the  University 
was  David  L.  Swain.  Swain  was  a  native  of  Buncombe 
County  and  knew  the  Vances  well.  So  "Zeb"  decided 
to  write  to  him  for  help. 

The  manly  tone  of  young  Vance's  letter  pleased  Presi- 
dent Swain.  He  replied  at  once  that  Vance  should  have 
the  necessary  money.  So  Vance  mounted  his  horse 
and  rode  over  the  mountains,  down  to  Chapel  Hill,  and 
began  his  studies.  He  and  President  Swain  soon  became 
warm  friends,  and  their  friendship  continued  until 
Swain's  death. 

Vance  remained  at  the  University  only  one  year. 
But  he  studied  hard,  read  good  books,  and  became  a 
well-educated  man.  His  favorite  books  were  the  Bible, 
the  works  of  Shakespere,  and  the  stories  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  It  would  certainly  be  a  difficult  task  to  select 
a  bettor  library  than  this  mountain  boy  selected  for 
himself.  He  read  but  few  books,  but  those  few  he  knew 
thoroughly.  Better  still,  he  made  many  friends  at  the 
University  who  remained  true  to  him  throughout  his  life. 


ZKBTLOX    HAIHI)    VAXCI] 


22.") 


226  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

The  Young  Lawyer.  —  After  leaving  the  University 
Vance  went  to  Asheville  to  practise  law.  He  soon  had 
a  good  practice.  But  he  was  not  too  busy  with  his  law 
to  practice  love  at  the  same  time.  On  August  3,  1853, 
he  was  married  to  Miss  Harriet  N.  Espy. 

Vance  in  the  Legislature  and  in  Congress.  —  Vance 
was  such  a  good  speaker  and  knew  so  many  good  stories 
that  he  was  always  welcome  into  any  company.  His 
lively  spirits,  his  ready  wit,  and  his  good  humor  made 
him  very  popular.  In  1854,  when  he  was  only  twenty- 
four  years  old,  the  Whigs  elected  him  a  member  of  the 
Legislature.  Four  years  later  they  elected  him  a  member 
of  Congress.  He  was  the  youngest  member  of  that  body. 
In  18GO  he  was  elected  a  second  time,  but  did  not  remain 
in  Congress  much  longer. 

Vance  Pleads  for  the  Union.  —  When  the  dispute 
arose  between  the  North  and  South  about  secession, 
Vance  was  a  strong  Union  man.  During  the  years  1800 
and  1861  he  spoke  frequently  in  different  parts  of  the 
State  against  secession.  His  greatest  speech  for  the 
Union  was  at  Salisbury,  October  11,  I860.  Thousands 
of  people  had  gathered  there  to  hold  a  great  Union 
meeting.  They  marched  about  the  streets  in  long 
Union  processions.  The  bands  played  Union  tunes. 
The  people  carried  Union  flags  and  banners.  Many  of 
the  most  distinguished  men  in  the  State  were  to  speak 
for  the  Union.  There  were  Governor  Graham,  Governor 
John  M.  Alorehead,  and  George  E.  Badger,  who  had 
been  a  United  States  senator. 

The  speaking  began  in  the  morning  and  lasted  all  day. 
Vance  spoke  first.  For  two  hours  5,000  people  stood  in 
a  cold,  drizzling  rain  and  listened  to  him.  When  he 


proposed  to  stop  they  cried  out,  "(lo  on!  (io  on!" 
Not  a  single1  person  left  while  he  was  speaking.  When 
night  came,  after  the  others  had  spoken,  the  crowd 
went  for  Vance,  bore  him  on  their  shoulders  through 
the  streets,  and  culled  for  another  speech. 

"In  u  minute,"  says  a  writer  who  wus  present,  "he 
was  up  and  at  it,  and  for  nearly  two  hours  swayed  the 
throng  at  his  will,  now  with  eloquence  and  argument, 
and  now  with  uncontrollable  mirth.  Such  a  store  of 
amusing  and  appropriate  anecdotes  as  this  'Mountain 
Boy'  has,  is  not  possessed  by  any  other  man  living." 
When  one  of  Badger's  friends  complimented  him  on  his 
speech,  that  great  man  replied:  "You  ought  to  have 
heard  young  Vance.  lie  is  the  greatest  stump  speaker 
that  ever  was  —  the  greatest  that  ever  was!" 

Vance  Goes  to  War.  Vance  worked  hard  for  the 
Union.  But  when  war  began  in  spite  of  his  efforts 
Vance  declared  that  he  would  stand  by  the  South.  "  If," 
he  said,  "war  must  come,  I  prefer  to  be  with  my  own 
people.  If  we  have  to  shed  blood.  I  prefer  to  shed 
Northern  rather  than  Southern  blood.  If  I  have  to 
slay,  I  had  rather  slay  strangers  than  my  own  kindred 
and  neighbors." 

So  in  1S()1  he  left  Congress  and  came  home  to  get 
ready  for  the  war.  He  returned  at  once  to  Buncombe 
county,  where  he  raised  a  company  of  sturdy  mountain 
men.  They  promptly  elected  him  their  captain.  He 
called  his  company  the  "Rough  and  Ready  Cluards." 
In  May,  1S(>1,  he  led  them  down  to  Raleigh,  where  they 
joined  other  North  Carolina  troops.  During  the  summer 
Captain  Vance  was  sent  to  help  defend  New  Bern  against 
an  attack  by  the  United  States  troops.  Soon  afterward 


228  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

he  was  elected  colonel  of  the  Twenty-sixth  North  Caro- 
lina Regiment. 

The  Battle  of  New  Bern.  --  The  Confederate  army  at 
New  Bern  was  commanded  by  General  L.  O'B.  Branch, 
of  North  Carolina.  On  March  14,  1862,  a  strong  Union 
force  attacked  the  Confederates  and  beat  them.  General 
Branch  was  driven  out  of  New  Bern  and  forced  to  retreat 
to  Kinston. 

How  Vance  Saved  his  Regiment.  —  In  this  battle 
Colonel  Vance  showed  himself  to  be  a  brave  and  skilful 
officer.  Nothing  but  his  courage  and  skill  saved  his 
regiment  from  destruction.  During  the  battle  Colonel 
Vance  was  stationed  between  a  swamp  in  front  and  the 
Trent  river  behind  him.  The  Union  soldiers  drove  the 
other  Confederates  back  and  got  between  Colonel  Vance 
and  New  Bern.  They  were  marching  right  down  on 
him  when  he  was  warned  of  his  danger.  All  the  other 
Confederate  regiments  had  crossed  the  Trent  on  a  bridge, 
but  when  Colonel  Vance  reached  the  river  he  found  the 
bridge  in  flames. 

He  hurried  up  the  river  to  a  creek  called  Brice's  Creek. 
This  creek  was  almost  as  deep  and  wide  as  the  river, 
but  it  must  be  crossed.  Colonel  Vance  could  find  but 
one  small  boat,  and  it  could  carry  only  three  men  at 
a  time.  The  enemy  was  about  half  a  mile  away  with 
ten  times  his  own  numbers.  What  was  'he  to  do?  He 
decided  in  a  flash. 

"I  jumped  my  horse  in  to  swim  him  over,"  he  wrote 
to  his  wife,  "but  when  a  little  way  in  he  refused  to  swim, 
sank  two  or  three  times  with  me,  and  I  had  to  jump  off 
and  swim  across  with  my  sword,  pistols,  and  cartridge 
box  on.  Once  over  I  rode  half  a  mile  to  a  house  and 


ZKIH'LOX    IUIRI)    VANCK 


229 


JOHN  R.  LAXE          HAHRY  K.  BURGWYX,  JR.          Z.  B.  \"ANCE 

C'OLOXELS    OF   THE    26TH    XoRTH    CAROLIXA    REGIMEXT 


230  HISTORY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

got  three  boats,  which  we  carried  on  our  shoulders  to  the 
creek,  and  after  four  hours  of  hard  labor  got  all  my  men 
over  but  three  poor  fellows  who  were  drowned. 

"I  can  not  now  speak  of  the  thousand  dangers  which 
I  passed  through.  Balls  struck  all  around  me.  Men 
were  hit  right  at  my  feet.  My  men  fought  gloriously. 
We  feel  quite  proud  of  the  good  name  we  have  obtained 
and  are  determined  to  maintain  it.  I  should  like  to 
dwell  upon  the  many  instances  of  love  and  affection 
exhibited  by  the  regiment  toward  me  during  the  fight 
and  the  retreat.  I  believe  they  would  every  one  follow 
me  into  the  jaws  of  certain  death  if  I  led  the  way." 

Vance  Ordered  to  Virginia.  —  Soon  after  the  battle 
of  New  Bern,  Colonel  Vance  was  ordered  to  join  the 
Confederate  army  in  Virginia.  In  the  great  battles 
around  Richmond  he  led  his  men  with  much  skill  and 
courage.  He  was  so  daring  in  battle  that  his  men  were 
afraid  he  would  be  killed.  They  begged  him  not  to 
expose  his  life  so  recklessly.  North  Carolina,  they  said, 
could  not  afford  for  him  to  be  killed,  for  in  August  the 
people  were  going  to  elect  him  governor. 

But  Vance  refused  to  shun  any  danger  to. which  his 
men  were  exposed.  Every  time  they  went  into  battle, 
he  rode  at  their  head,  cheering  and  encouraging  them. 
After  one  of  his  battles  he  wrote  to  his  wife:  "I  was 
surprised  at  my  feelings.  Excitement  and  pleasure 
removed  every  other  feeling  and  I  could  not  resist  cheer- 
ing with  might  and  main."  Can  we  wonder  that  the 
soldiers  were  proud  of  their  gallant  young  colonel'/ 

Thoughts  of  Home.  But  this  brave  soldier,  who 
took  such  delight  at  riding  into  battle  where  danger  was 
thickest,  could  be  as  tender  and  loving  as  a  little  child. 


"I  am  again  officer  of  the  day."  he  wrote  to  his  wife, 
"and  shall  have  to  tramp  all  night  around  our  lines  and 
pickets.  The  moon  is  at  the  full,  though,  and  the  nights 
are  beautiful.  I  shall  cast  many  a  thought  to-night 
toward  my  dear  home  and  many  a  prayer  for  my  lonely 
wife  and  sweet  little  children.  Dear  little  children!  Of 
such  indeed  must  he  the  kingdom  of  heaven!" 

A  Soldier's  Letter.  -Would  you  not  like  to  read  a 
letter  which  this  young  soldier,  sitting  in  his  tent  after 
the  battle,  wrote  to  his  little  six-year-old  son? 

"  MY  DEAR  Sox  CHARLIE, 

Pa  received  your  letter,  and 

was  very  happy  to  read  it.  I  was  mighty  sorry  to 
lose  poor  Todd.  I  wanted  to  keep  him  for  my  children 
to  ride  when  this  war  is  over.  I  want  you  and  Brother 
David  to  be  very  good  boys,  obey  your  Mother,  be  kind 
to  each  other  and  to  Brother  Zebbie.  You  are  getting 
old  enough  now  to  be  of  great  assistance  as  well  as  com- 
pany to  Mother,  and  whilst  Pa  is  away  you  ought  to  try 
hard  to  take  care  of  her  and  protect  her  in  her  lonely 
home.  You  write  me  that  the  yard  and  grass  are  mighty 
green  and  nice.  Pa  is  glad  to  hear  his  dear  ones  have 
such  a  beautiful  home,  and  you  and  Brother  will  always 
remember  not  to  break  or  injure  the  shrubs  and  flowers, 
but  always  to  play  in  the  walks  or  on  the  gras^  away 
from  the  shrubbery.  Goodbye,  son.  Kiss  Mother  and 
Brother  and  Cousin  for  me,  and  tell  the  servants  howdye 
for  me.  Your  affectionate  Father, 

Z.  B.  Vance." 

Vance  is  Elected  Governor.  —  In  August  1S(>2.  while 
Colonel  Vance  was  in  Virginia  fighting  at  the  head  of 


232  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

his  regiment,  he  was  elected  governor  of  North  Carolina. 
He  did  not  ask  for  this  office,  but  when  the  people  had 
chosen  him  he  felt  that  it  was  his  duty  to  accept.  Every 
soldier  in  his  regiment  voted  for  him.  He  received 
twice  as  many  votes  from  the  other  North  Carolina 
soldiers  as  his  opponent  received.  The  soldiers  believed 
that  he  could  do  more  good  for  the  State  and  for  the 
South  as  governor  than  as  a  soldier.  So  Vance  left  the 
army,  went  to  Raleigh,  and  on  September  8,  1862,  began 
his  duties  as  governor. 

The  Great  War  Governor.  —  Not  since  the  days  of 
Governor  Caswell  had  any  governor  of  North  Carolina 
had  a  harder  task  before  him,  and  never  did  any  gov- 
ernor serve  the  people  better.  Vance  kept  the  ranks  of 
the  North  Carolina  regiments  full.  He  caused  North 
Carolina  to  send  more  soldiers  to  the  Confederate  army 
than  there  were  voters  in  the  State,  and  he  kept  her 
soldiers  better  clothed  and  better  fed  than  the  soldiers 
of  any  other  Southern  State. 

It  would  take  too  long  to  tell  you  all  the  things  that 
Governor  Vance  sent  to  the  soldiers.  But  a  few  of  the 
things  that  he  bought  for  them  in  Europe  can  be  men- 
tioned. Among  them  were  2000  fine  rifles  with  200,000 
rounds  of  ammunition,  12.000  overcoats,  50, 000  blanket-;, 
250,000  pairs  of  shoes,  gray  cloth  for  250,000  uniforms, 
100,000  pounds  of  bacon,  850.000  worth  of  medicine, 
and  many  other  things  for  use  in  the  hospitals. 

Most  of  these  things  of  course  went  to  the  North 
Carolina  soldiers,  but  some  were  also  sent  to  the  soldiers 
of  other  states.  After  the  great  battle  of  Chickamaiiga, 
General  Longstreet's  soldiers  were1  nearly  all  in  rags. 
Governor  Vance  sent  them  14,000  suits  of  uniforms. 


ZKIU'I.OX    BAIR1)    VANCI-;  2.'J3 

Many  a  poor,  ragged  soldier  had  shoes  on  his  feet,  a 
blanket  to  cover  him  from  the  snow,  and  a  piece  of  bacon 
once1  a  week  because  Zebulon  Baird  Vance  was  governor 
of  North  Carolina.  For  the  comfort  of  soldiers  travel- 
ing to  and  fro  he  had  inns  and  hospitals  established  at 
several  places  in  the  State.  In  them  the  wearied,  the 
sick  and  the  wounded  were  cared  for  and  their  wants 
attended  to.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  the  soldiers  called 
(iovernor  Vance  "Our  Zeb,"  and  said  that  he  was  the 
"Great  War  (iovernor  of  the  South." 

Suffering  in  the  South.  -  The  war  brought  great  suf- 
fering to  the  people  of  the  South.  They  found  it  hard 
to  get  enough  food  and  clothes.  A  gallon  of  molasses 
cost  8S.  It  took  850  to  buy  a  bushel  of  corn,  and  8100 
to  buy  a  barrel  of  flour.  A  pair  of  boy's  boots  cost  8150. 
Carpets  were  torn  up  from  the  floors  and  cut  into 
blankets.  In  order  to  relieve  the  suffering  of  the  poor 
as  much  as  possible,  Governor  Vance  had  granaries 
established  at  certain  places  and  corn  distributed  from 
them.  He  also  had  committees  appointed  in  each 
county  to  look  after  the  suffering  of  the  needy.  Even 
the  richest  people  had  to  do  without  many  common 
necessities  which  the  poorest  now  have. 

Vance's  Great  Speeches.  --  When  the  soldiers  learned 
how  their  families  were  suffering  at  home  they  of  course 
became  dissatisfied,  and  many  of  them  deserted.  Xo 
other  man  did  so  much  as  Governor  Vance1  to  keep  up 
the  spirit-;  of  the  soldiers  and  the  people.  He  made 
eloquent  speeches  at  several  places  in  the  State.  He 
visited  the  army  in  Virginia  and  made  some  stining 
speeches  to  the  soldiers.  These  speeches  filled  their 
hearts  with  new  hope  and  courage.  General  Lee  said 


234 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 


Vance's   visit    to  the  army  was  worth  50,000  soldiers 
to  him. 

Blockade-Runners.  —  But  Vance  did  more  than  make 
speeches.  The  chief  cause  of  the  suffering  in  the  South 
was  the  blockade.  The  United  States,  which  had  a 
large  navy,  placed  armed  vessels  at  the  Southern  ports 
to  prevent  ships  from  going  out  or  coming  in.  The 
South,  whose  navy  was  very  small,  could  not  ship  out 


BLOCKADE-RCXXER  Advance 

her  cotton,  tobacco,  and  other  products  to  Europe. 
And  but  few  clothes  or  food  or  military  supplies  could 
be  brought  in  from  European  countries.  But  some- 
times, in  spite  of  the  watchful  war  vessels,  fast-sailing 
little  ships  would  slip  out  of  or  into  the  ports.  Such 
vessels  were  called  blockade-runners.  The  most  famous 
of  these  blockade-runners  was  the  Advance. 

The  Adroncc  was  a  swift  little  steamer  that  (lov- 
ernor  Vance  bought  in  Scotland.  She  was  sent  to  the 
West  Indies,  where  she  took  on  a  cargo  and  then  slipped 


ZKHl'LOX    BAIR1)    VANCI-]  23") 

through  the  Federal  fleet  into  the  harbor  of  Wilmington. 
There  she  was  protected  by  a  powerful  fort  called  Fort 
Fisher.  Then  loaded  with  cotton,  she  would  again  slip 
by  the  war  vessels  and  make  a  trip  to  Nassau  (  Bermuda) 
or  Halifax  i  Xova  Scotia),  sell  her  cotton,  and  buy  another 
cargo  for  North  Carolina. 

The  Adcancc  made  eleven  trips  before  the  United 
States  war  vessels  could  catch  her.  On  these  trips  she 
carried  out  thousands  of  bales  of  cotton,  and  brought 
back  tools  for  farmers,  medicines  for  the  hospitals,  uni- 
forms, blankets,  shoes,  clothes,  and  arms  and  ammunition 
for  the  army. 

Vance  in  Prison.  —  In  1S64  Vance  was  elected  governor 
a  second  time.  But  before  his  term  was  out  the  war 
came  to  a  close  and  he  was  removed  from  office  by  the 
United  States  Government.  On  his  thirty-fifth  birth- 
day he  was  arrested  at  his  home  in  Statesville  by  United 
States  soldiers.  They  carried  him  to  Washington  and 
locked  him  up  in  a  cell  of  the  Old  Capitol  Prison.  In 
the  same  cell  with  him  was  John  Letcher,  governor  of 
Virginia. 

Though  a  prisoner,  uncertain  of  what  punishment  was 
intended  for  him,  Vance  never  lost  his  good  spirits. 
He  soon  became  very  popular  even  with  the  officers 
who  had  to  guard  him.  The  United  States  army  officer 
who  was  in  charge  of  the  prison  learned  to  respect  and 
to  love  his  genial,  good-humored  prisoner.  lie  did  for 
Vance  many  acts  of  kindness  and  courtesy,  and  a  few 
years  later,  when  Vance  was  a  member  of  the  United 
States  Senate,  he  had  several  opportunities  to  show  his 
gratitude.  Vance's,  enemies  tried  hard  to  find  some 
acts  of  his  that  would  give  them  a  good  excuse  to  punish 


236  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

him.  But  they  could  find  nothing.  When  the  Secretary 
of  War  of  the  United  States  learned  how  kind  Vance 
had  been  to  the  Union  soldiers  who  were  prisoners 
during  the  war,  he  promptly  ordered  that  he  be  set  at 
liberty. 

After  the  War. — Vance  was  then  permitted  to  return  to 
his  home.  During  the  terrible  days  that  followed  the  war, 
he  was  one  of  the  leaders  who  rescued  the  State  from 
the  carpet-baggers  and  negroes.  After  the  Conservatives 
won  their  great  victory  over  the  carpet-baggers,  they  elec- 
ted Vance  to  represent  North  Carolina  in  the  United 
States  Senate.  This  was  in  1870.  But  when  Vance  went 
to  Washington  to  take  his  seat  in  the  Senate,  the  northern 
men  who  controlled  Congress  refused  to  admit  him. 

Vance  Becomes  Governor  a  Third  Time.  -  -  Then  in 
187G  the  people  of  North  Carolina  again  turned  to  him 
to  be  their  governor.  He  was  elected  a  third  time,  and 
entered  upon  his  duties  January  1,  1877. 

Vance  won  for  himself  a  place  among  North  Carolina's 
greatest  statesmen.  He  worked  hard  to  improve  the 
schools  for  both  the  whites  and  the  negroes.  He  urged 
that  normal  schools  for  the  training  of  teachers  be  estab- 
lished. He  improved  the  charitable  institutions  of  the 
State.  He  aided  in  the  building  of  railroads.  While 
he  was  governor  peace  and  order  were  again  enjoyed; 
the  lives  and  property  of  the  people  were  protected; 
schools  and  colleges  were  opened.  The  hum  of  mills,  the 
.-hriek  of  factory  whistles,  the  roar  of  trains  proclaimed 
that  industry  had  taken  the  place  of  war  and  strife. 
Trade  began  to  flourish,  farmers  plowed  their  fields  in 
safety,  and  the  State  grew  stronger  and  richer  and 
happier  than  ever  before. 


ZKMri.ON    MAI  HI)    VAXCK  2M7 

While  lie  was  thus  making  the  people  of  the  State 
happy,  (iovernor  Nance  himself  suffered  two  great 
sorrows.  Soon  after  he  became  governor  his  mother 
died,  and  within  less  than  a  month  he  lost  his  wife  also. 
These  sorrows  made  the  people  of  the  State  love  him  all 
the  more1. 

Vance  Becomes  Senator.  In  1S79,  after  he  had 
been  governor  two  years,  Vance  was  again  elected  to 
the  United  States  senate.  This  time  he  was  permitted 
to  take  his  seat.  Vance  remained  in  the  Senate  fifteen 
years  and  became  one  of  the  strongest  leaders  of  the 
"New  South."  He  was  so  eloquent,  so  generous,  so 
kindly,  and  so  honest  that  many  who  had  been  his 
enemies  became  his  friends.  He  defended  the  South 
without  offending  the  North. 

No  man  did  more  than  he  to  make  the  two  sections 
friends  again. 

In  one  of  his  great  speeches  in  the  Senate  he  said:  "If 
I  were  permitted  to  say  but  one  word  as  to  what  my 
country  most  needed,  that  word  would  be,  Rest!  Rest 
from  strife,  rest  from  sectional  conflict,  rest  from  sec- 
tional bitterness.  .  .  .  Can  we  not  give  rest  to  our  peo- 
ple? I  know  that  those  from  whom  I  come  desire  it 
above  their  chief  joy.  The  excitement  through  which 
we  have  passed  for  the  last  twenty  years,  the  suffering 
and  the  sorrow,  the  calamity,  public  and  private,  which 
they  have  undergone,  have  filled  their  hearts  with 
indescribable  yearnings  for  national  peace." 

Vance  was  often  invited  to  speak  in  different  parts 
of  the  Union.  In  the  North  he  defended  the  South  and 
urged  the  Northern  people  to  be  friendly  toward  the 
Southern  people.  In  an  address  before  the  Union 


238  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

soldiers  of  Boston  he  spoke  eloquently  against  distrust 
and  hatred  between  the  Xorth  and  South.  Let  us,  he 
said,  adopt  "that  wiser  and  nobler  policy  which  seeks 
to  make  every  spark  of  genius,  every  arm  of  strength, 
every  heart  of  integrity,"  contribute  "  to  the  strengthen- 
ing and  upbuilding  of  freedom,  and  the  glory  of  the  great 
Republic."  In  the  South  he  spoke  for  the  Union,  urged 
the  Southern  people  to  be  good  Americans,  and  to  love 
and  honor  the  American  flag. 

Gombroon.  —  In  1880,  while  he  was  in  the  Senate, 
Vance  was  married  to  Airs.  Florence  Steele  Martin,  of 
Kentucky.  In  the  winter  they  made  their  home  in 
Washington.  But  their  summer  home  was  a  beautiful 
place  in  the  mountains  near  Asheville.  They  called  it 
"Gombroon."  It  was  a  large,  comfortable  house  in 
the  midst  of  dense  forests  and  lofty  mountain  peaks. 
There  Senator  Vance  planted  his  vineyards,  orchards, 
and  garden,  and  rested  from  his  hard  work  in  the  Senate. 

"'Zeb'  Vance  is  Dead.''  -His  hard  work  injured 
his  health.  He  pored  so  closely  over  his  studies  that  he 
became  blind  in  one  eye.  His  physicians  sent  him  to 
the  mountains  of  Xorth  Carolina,  to  Florida,  and  to 
Europe  in  search  of  health.  How  anxiously  the  people 
of  North  Carolina  waited  for  the  news  that  their  great 
senator  was  well  again.  But  this  good  news  never  came. 
Instead,  April  If),  1894,  the  sad  message  came,  "'Zeb' 
Vance  is  dead." 

Never  before  had  the  people  of  North  Carolina  so 
mourned  the  death  of  any  man.  His  body  was  carried 
from  Washington,  where  he  died,  to  Raleigh,  and  from 
Raleigh  to  Asheville.  At  every  station,  and  in  the 
valleys  and  on  the  hillside's  along  the  railroad,  thousands 


crowclcd  to  cat cli  a  glimpse  of  the  train  that  boro 
his  body,  (ireat  crowds  gathered  at  Raleigh  and  at 
Asheville  to  see  his  face  for  the  last  time. 

The  people  of  the  State  at  once  took  steps  to  honor 
his  memory.  While  he  was  still  living,  the;  Legislature 
had  named  a  county  for  him.  After  his  death  the 
State  erected  a  monument  to  his  memory  in  the  Capitol 
Square  at  Raleigh.  This  is  the  only  monument  which 
the  State  has  even1  erected  with  public  money  to  any  of 
her  sons.  Another  monument,  a  tall,  straight  shaft  of 
granite,  has  been  erected  to  him  in  the  heart  of  the  city 
of  Asheville. 

(iKOCRAPIIY    STCDY 

1.  Describe  the  section   of    Xorth   Carolina   in   which    Vance  was 
born.     What  is  the  height  of  Alt.  Mitchell?     Xunie  other  prominent 
mountains  near  Asheville. 

2.  What  river  is  Asheville  on? 

3.  Describe  the  West   Indies  with  reference  to  Wilmington.     Find 
on  the  map  Nassau.     Halifax  (X.  S.). 

REVIEW 

1.  When  and  where  was  Vance  born?     Describe  his  birthplace. 

2.  (Jive  an  account  of  his  early  schooldays.     What  advice  did  his 
father  send  him? 

3.  Tell  about  Vance  and  his  mother. 

4.  What  profession  did  Vance  choose?     How  did  he  get  his  pro- 
fessional education0     What  were  Vance's  favorite  books'.'     Where  did 
he  make  his  home'.' 

.").   What   were  his  early  political  services? 

().  What  d'nl  he  think  and  say  about  secession'.'  Describe  the  preat 
I  nion  meeting  in  Salisbury. 

7.   After  the  war  began,  what   position  did  he  take  in  regard  to  it? 

5.  Describe  how  he  saved  his  regiment  at  the  battle  of  Xe\v  Bern. 
9.  Ciive  an  account  of  his  militarv  career  in  Virginia. 


240  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

10.  Tell  about  Vance's  election  as  governor. 

11.  What  is  said  about  his  work  for  the  soldiers  during  his  term  as 
governor? 

12.  Describe  the  suffering  in  the  South. 

13.  How  did  Vance  keep  up  the  spirit  of  the  people? 

14.  What  was  the  blockade?     How  did  it  injure  the  South? 

15.  What  did  Vance  do  to  break  the  blockade? 

16.  How  was  Vance  punished  for  his  part  in  the  war? 

17.  Give  an  account  of  his  prison  life. 

18.  What  part  did  Vance  take  in  rescuing  North  Carolina  from  the 
carpet-baggers? 

19.  Give  an  account  of  his  work  during  his  third  term  as  governor. 

20.  What  service  did  he  render  to  the  South  in  the  United  States 
Senate?     How  did  he  help  to  make  the  North  and  South  friends 
again? 

21.  Repeat  what  he  said  about  the  country's  greatest  need. 

22.  Give  an  account  of  his  death. 

23.  Write  a  summary  of  the  chief  events  in  his  career. 

QUESTIONS   FOR  SPECIAL  STUDY 

1.  Have  you  ever  read  any  of  the  plays  of  Shakespere?     Any  of 
the  stories  of  Sir  Walter  Scott? 

2.  Name  the  principal  battles  fought  around  Richmond  in  1S02. 

3.  Make  a   list   of  the  men   mentioned   in   this   book    who    were 
governors  of  North  Carolina. 

4.  IIo\v  many  soldiers  did  North  Carolina  send  to  the  Confederate 
army? 

.").  Explain  fully  how  the  blockade  was  managed,  and  how  it 
injured  the  Confederacy.  Why  could  not  the  South  manufacture  the 
supplies  that  were  needed  in  the  war? 

(i.   What  is  meant  bv  the  "New  South"? 


CHAPTER   XIX 
HILL,    PETTKiREW,    AXD    GRIMES 

Getting  Ready  for  War.  -  April  and  May,  1801, 
were  busy  months  in  Xorth  Carolina.  In  every  house 
women  were  hard  at  work  knitting  socks,  making 
shirts,  underwear,  and  other  articles  of  clothing.  Fac- 
tories were  busily  making  guns,  cannon,  powder,  swords, 
and  bayonets.  Bugles  were  blowing,  drums  were  beat- 
ing, flags  were  flying,  soldiers  were  marching.  In  every 
town  and  village  crowds  cheered  the  soldiers  as  they 
marched  down  the  street  and  boarded  the  train;  and 
pretty  girls  waved  at  them  and  urged  them  to  fight 
bravely  for  their  homes  and  country. 

All  this  was  because  war  had  begun  between  the 
Xorth  and  the  South,  and  Xorth  Carolina  was  getting 
ready  for  it.  President  Lincoln  had  demanded  that 
Xorth  Carolina  send  soldiers  to  fight  the  other  Southern 
States,  and  Governor  Ellis  had  telegraphed  to  him, 
"You  can  get  no  troops  from  Xorth  Carolina."  But 
the  Governor  had  sent  out  a  call  for  Xorth  Carolina  to 
rally  to  the  South,  and  soon  every  train  was  filled  with 
soldiers  hurrying  to  Raleigh  to  be  armed  and  drilled 
for  battle.  As  fast  as  they  could  be  taught  the  duties 
of  war  they  marched  away  to  join  the  Confederate 
armies  in  Eastern  Xorth  Carolina,  in  Tennessee,  Vir- 
ginia, and  other  States. 

241 


242  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

North  Carolina  in  the  Civil  War.  --  North  Carolina 
sent  to  the  Confederate  armies  during  the  war  more 
than  125,000  soldiers.  Some  of  them  were  kept  in 
North  Carolina  to  defend  the  forts  along  the  coast. 
A  large  number  were  sent  across  the  mountains  to  the 
defense  of  Tennessee,  Georgia,  and  other  States.  But 
the  largest  number  were  sent  to  Virginia.  They  took 
part  in  every  important  battle  of  the  war.  More  than 
40,000  were  either  killed  or  died  of  disease.  No  other 
Southern  State  lost  so  many  soldiers. 

Several  North  Carolina  officers  won  fame.  Among 
them  were  two  lieutenant-generals,  seven  major-generals, 
and  twenty-six  brigadier-generals.  Major-Generals  W. 
D.  Fender,  Stephen  D.  Ramseur,  and  W.  H.  C.  Whiting 
were  killed.  General  D.  H.  Hill  commanded  the 
North  Carolina  soldiers  in  the  first  regular  battle  of 
the  war;  General  James  Johnston  Pettigrew  led  the 
soldiers  who  charged  farthest  in  the  great  charge  at 
Gettysburg;  and  General  Bryan  Grimes  planned  and 
fought  the  last  battle  of  the  Confederate  army  in 
Virginia. 

Daniel  Harvey  Hill.  —  At  the  opening  of  the  war  the 
soldiers  were  first  sent  to  Rateigh  to  be  trained  for  war. 
There  they  were  placed  in  a  camp  of  instruction  under 
the  command  of  Colonel  Daniel  H.  Hill.  Colonel  Hill 
was  educated  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy, 
at  West  Point.  For  several  years  he  was  an  officer  in 
the  United  States  Army  and  served  in  the  war  with 
Mexico.  In  that  war  he  won  a  reputation  as  one  of 
the  best  soldiers  in  the  American  army,  and  was  pro- 
moted three  times.  Many  years  afterward,  General 
Joseph  I'].  Johnston,  the  famous  Confederate  general, 


HILL,  I>KTTK;RK\V,  AND  CRIMKS 


wrote  to  General  Hill:  "Do  you  know  that  in  Mexico 
the  young  officers  called  you  the  bravest  man  in  the 
army?" 

The   Beginning  of   Civil  War. 


After   the    Mexican 


War,  Hill  left  the  army  to  become  a  teacher.  He 
taught  first  in  Washington 
College,  at  Lexington,  Vir- 
ginia, and  then  in  Davidson 
College  in  North  Carolina. 
During  these  years  he 
watched  closely  the  dispute 
between  the  North  and  the 
South.  He  clearly  foresaw 
that  it  must  end  in  war,  and 
he  urged  the  South  to  get 
ready  for  it.  In  1859  he  left 
Davidson  College  to  take 
charge  of  a  military  school  at 
Charlotte  in  order  to  train 
Southern  boys  in  military 
affairs.  He  was  teaching 
there  when,  in  1861,  Gov-  D.  H.  HILL 

ernor  Ellis  called  him  to  Raleigh  to  take  charge  of 
the  camp  of  instruction.  The  Governor  appointed  him 
to  the  rank  of  colonel. 

In  a  few  weeks  Colonel  Hill  had  a  regiment  ready  for 
the  field.  It  was  the  First  North  Carolina  Regiment. 
The  men  had  learned  to  have  great  confidence  in  Colonel 
Hill,  and  when  they  were  ordered  to  the  front,  were 
anxious  for  him  to  lead  them.  So  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand, and  in  June  led  them  into  Virginia,  where  a  large 
and  powerful  Union  army  was  preparing  to  march 


244  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

against  Richmond.  Colonel  Hill  reached  the  front  in 
time  to  win  the  first  regular  battle  of  the  war. 

First  at  Bethel.  -  -  This  battle  was  fought  at  Big 
Bethel  near  Yorktown,  Virginia.  The  Confederate 
arm}-  numbered  only  1200  men.  Of  these,  800  were 
the  North  Carolina  troops  under  Colonel  Hill.  The 
other  400  were  Virginians.  They  were  attacked  by 
about  three  times  their  number,  but  Colonel  Hill  had 
trained  his  men  so  well  that  they  stood  their  ground, 
and  together  with  the  Virginians,  drove  the  enemy  back. 

During  this  battle  several  Union  soldiers  took  shelter 
in  a  house  between  the  two  armies.  Colonel  Hill  called 
for  some  of  his  men  to  set  fire  to  the  house,  and  five 
brave  fellows  sprang  eagerly  forward.  A  hot  fire  met 
them  and  one  of  their  number  fell  dead.  This  soldier, 
Henry  L.  Wyatt,  was  the  first  Confederate  soldier 
killed  in  open  battle  during  the  Civil  War. 

The  news  that  the  Confederates  had  won  a  victory 
sent  a  thrill  of  joy  throughout  North  Carolina.  Every- 
body praised  "the  brave  boys  in  gray."  The  Con- 
vention, in  session  at  Raleigh,  resolved  that  the  First 
Regiment  should  be  known  as  the  "Bethel  Regiment," 
and  gave  it  permission  to  inscribe  the  word  "  Bethel"  on 
its  flag.  For  his  share  in  the  victory  Colonel  Hill  was 
appointed  a  brigadier-general. 

General  Hill  in  Battle.  --The  war  hud  now  begun  in 
earnest.  In  1S(>2  the  United  States  sent  a  strong  army 
to  march  up  the  peninsula  between  the  York  and  James 
rivers  to  attack  Richmond.  The  Confederate  army 
opposed  the  Federals  at  every  stop.  Before  the  Union 
troops  wore  finally  driven  back,  the  battles  of  Williams- 
burg,  Hanover  Court  House,  Seven  Pines,  Fair  Oaks, 


HILL,    I'riTICRKW,    AM)    CHIMKS  24") 

and  the  famous  Seven  Days'  Battles  around  Richmond 
were  fought. 

In  these  battles  (leneral  Hill  led  his  troops  with  great 
skill.  He  won  promotion  twice,  first  as  major-general 
and  then  as  lieutenant-general,  the  next  highest  rank 
in  the  army.  It  was  said  that  his  troops  were  never 
found  in  the  rear  during  a  battle  nor  in  front  during  a 
retreat. 

At  Williamsburg  he  led  two  of  his  regiments,  one 
from  North  Carolina,  the  other  from  Virginia,  with 
such  daring  that  the  Union  general,  Hancock,  declared: 
''Those  two  regiments  deserve  to  have  'Immortal' 
inscribed  on  their  banners."  President  Davis  said 
that  the  Confederate  victory  at  Seven  Pines  was  largely 
due  to  General  Hill's  "courage,  vigilance,  and  daring." 
He  led  his  men  in  a  charge  against  the  Union  works, 
drove  the  enemy  off,  and  turned  their  own  cannon 
against  them.  Again  at  Gaines's  Mill  General  Hill's 
charge  decided  the  day  for  the  Confederates  and  won 
high  praise  from  Lee  and  Jackson.  Three  horses  were 
killed  under  him  at  the  bloody  battle  of  Sharpsburg  in 
Maryland.  Under  such  a  leader  can  you  wonder  that 
his  men,  as  General  Longstreet  said,  ''fought  like  game 
cocks" ? 

"General,"  asked  one  of  his  friends,  "why  do  you 
expose  yourself  so  recklessly?  Do  you  never  feel  any 
fear'?" 

"Sir,"  replied  General  Hill,  "I  would  never  order 
my  men  to  go  where  I  would  not  go  myself.  I  do  not 
fear  death  if  it  comes  while  I  am  doing  my  duty." 

Though  General  Hill  was  so  brave,  he  was  not  reckless. 
He  never  risked  his  life  or  exposed  his  soldiers  unless 


246 


HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 


he  thought  it  necessary.  Xo  officer  in  the  army  took 
better  care  of  the  health,  happiness,  and  safety  of  his 
men.  He  taught  them  how  to  use  the  pick,  the  spade, 
and  the  shovel  as  well  as  the  bayonet. 

General  Hill  Defends  North  Carolina.    -  In  1863,  at 


GAINES'S  MILL  AS  IT  LOOKS  TO-DAY 

the  special  request  of  Governor  Vance,  General  Hill 
was  sent  to  the  defense  of  North  Carolina.  At  that 
time  New  Hern.  Washington,  and  other  places  in  Eastern 
North  Carolina  were  held  by  Union  troops.  From 
these  towns  they  frequently  made  sudden  marches  out 
into  the  country  to  overawe  the  people  and  destroy 
their  crops.  These  movements  were  very  injurious  to 
Lee's  army  in  Virginia,  because  they  cut  off  the  supplies 
which  were  sent  from  Eastern  North  Carolina.  So 
Governor  Vance  and  General  Lee  were  anxious  to  drive 


HILL,  prmr.m-:\v.  AND  (;RI.MI:S 


24: 


the   Federal  forces  out   of  the  Shite  or  to  shut    them   up 
in  the  towns. 

This  important  task  was  entrusted  to  General  Hill. 
His  army  was  so  small  that  he  could  not  hope  to  drive 
the  enemy  out  of  North  Carolina.  Hut  he  acted  with 
such  "Teat  vigor  and  struck  such  hard  blows  that  for 
a  time  he  put  a  stop  to  their  raids.  His  activity  enabled 
the  Ion"-  wagon  trains  with  supplies  to  get  safely  on 
their  way  to  Lee's  army  in  Virginia.  After  this  cam- 
paign General  Hill  returned  to  Virginia  and  was  put  in 
command  of  the  defense  of  Richmond  when  Lee  marched 
northward  into  Pennsylvania. 

James  Johnston  Pettigrew.  -  Among  the  North  Caro- 
lina officers  who  followed  Lee  into  Pennsylvania  was  ( len- 
eral  James  Johnston  Pettigrew.  Though  he  had  reached 
high  rank  in  the  army,  General  Petti- 
grew had  not  been  trained  as  a  soldier. 
Before  the  war  he  had  won  fame  as  a 
scholar,  an  author,  and  a  lawyer. 
When  the  war  began,  he  felt  it  his 
duty  to  give  up  fame  and  wealth  at 
the  bar  and  take  up  arms  in  defense 
of  the  South. 

Pettigrew  Prepares  for  War. 
After  graduating  from  the  University 
of  North  Carolina,  Pettigrew  studied 
law  and  made  his  home  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  Like 
General  Hill  he  foresaw  that  war  was  certain  to  come 
between  the  North  and  the  South.  lie,  too,  wished  the 
South  to  prepare  herself  for  the  struggle.  In  1S-")1).  the 
same  year  that  Hill  took  charge  of  the  military  school 
at  Charlotte,  Pettigrew  sailed  for  Europe  to  study 


» 


JAMES  .1.   PI;TTK,IU:\Y 


248  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

military  affairs.  A  war  was  being  waged  in  Italy,  and 
he  applied  for  a  place  in  the  Italian  army.  His  applica- 
tion was  granted,  but  before  he  could  reach  Italy  peace 
was  declared,  and  he  had  to  return  to  the  United  States 
without  seeing  a  battle.  At  Charleston  he  studied 
books  on  military  matters,  served  first  as  captain  and 
then  as  colonel  of  the  militia,  and  worked  hard  to  pre- 
pare himself  for  high  rank  in  the  Southern  army  when 
war  should  come. 

The  Private  Soldier  Becomes  a  General.  —  Petti- 
grew  was  ambitious.  He  knew  that  he  would  have  to 
work  hard  for  the  rank  that  he  wanted.  So  he  did  not 
sit  still  and  wait  until  somebody  should  offer  it  to  him. 
As  soon  as  war  began  he  entered  the  Confederate  army 
as  a  private  soldier,  determined  to  fight  his  way  upward. 
One  day  while  he  was  serving  as  a  private  in  Virginia 
a  message  was  delivered  to  him.  How  his  heart  jumped 
with  joy  when  he  read  it!  The  message  informed  him 
that  he  had  been  elected  colonel  of  the  Twelfth  North 
Carolina  Regiment,  then  at  Raleigh,  and  ordered  him 
to  go  and  take  command  at  once. 

Pettigrew  needed  no  urging.  As  soon  as  possible  he 
was  at  Raleigh,  hard  at  work  drilling  his  men  and  pre- 
paring them  for  the  field.  He  was  so  full  of  enthusiasm 
that  his  men  soon  caught  his  spirit  and  worked  as  eagerly 
as  he.  They  were  proud  of  their  brilliant  young  colonel, 
and  he  was  proud  of  them.  When  they  finally  marched 
away  to  Virginia,  there  was  no  better  regiment  in  the 
Confederate  army.  Pettigrew  was  offered  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general,  but  he  declined  it  because  he  did  not 
want  to  be  separated  from  his  regiment.  Afterwards 
it  was  arranged  so  that  he  could  accept  the  appointment 
and  still  have  his  regiment  under  his  command. 


HILL.    PKTTHiRKW,    AND   (HUM  I  IS  249 

Wounded  and  in  Prison.  In  1X02  General  Petti- 
grew  took  part  in  the  great  battles  around  Richmond. 
At  the  battle  of  Seven  Pines  he  led  his  men  in  one  of 
the  bravest  charges  of  the  war.  \Yhile  cheering  them 
on,  he  was  hit  in  the  throat  and  fell  from  his  horse. 
Thinking  that  he  was  killed  his  men  swept  on,  leaving 
him  on  the  field.  He  was  captured  and  sent  to  prison 
at  Fort  Delaware.  After  remaining  in  prison  for  a  few 
months  he  was  exchanged  and  returned  to  the  army  in 
Virginia.  A  new  brigade,  consisting  of  five  North  Caro- 
lina regiments,  was  formedand  placed  under  hiscommand. 
One  of  these  regiments  was  the  famous  Twenty-Sixth, 
which  Vance  had  led  at  the  battle  of  New  Bern. 

Farthest  to  the  Front  at  Gettysburg.  With  these 
regiments  (ieneral  Pettigrew  followed  Lee  into  Penn- 
sylvania. The  Federal  army  took  a  strong  position  at 
Clettysburg.  There,  during  the  first  three  days  of  July, 
1803,  was  fought  the  greatest  battle  in  American  history. 

Lee's  task  was  to  drive  the  Union  army  from  behind 
its  breastworks.  If  he  failed  to  do  this  he  must  retreat 
into  Virginia.  The  first  day's  fighting  resulted  in  a 
Confederate  success.  They  drove  the  Union  forces  out 
of  Gettysburg  and  captured  the  town.  In  this  battle 
Pettigrew  bore  an  important  part.  His  men  drove 
the  enemy  before  them  and  won  great  honor.  It  was 
a  splendid  sight,  said  another  Confederate  officer,  to 
see  Pettigrew  "as  he  galloped  along  the  line  in  the 
hottest  of  the  fight  cheering  on  his  men." 

Pettigrew  was  not  in  the  battle  of  the  second 
day. 

The  third  day  found  the  two  armies  still  facing  each 
other.  The  center  of  the  Union  line  was  stationed 


250  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

behind  a  long  stone  wall  on  top  of  a  high  ridge,  called 
Cemetery  Ridge.  In  order  to  break  through  it  the 
Confederates  had  to  march  across  an  open  field,  rush 
up  Cemetery  Ridge,  and  charge  against  the  stone  wall. 
If  they  failed  the  battle  was  lost;  if  they  succeeded, 
they  would  win  a  great  victory,  which  might  end  the 
war.  Could  they  succeed?  General  Lee  believed  they 
could  and  he  determined  to  try.  Selecting  15,000  of 
his  very  best  troops  he  ordered  them  to  make  the  at- 
tempt. One  column  was  led  by  Pettigrew,  the  other 
by  General  Pickett,  of  Virginia.  With  Pettigrew  were 
fifteen  regiments  of  North  Carolinians,  and  some  troops 
from  other  States. 

They  were  about  to  make  the  most  daring  charge 
ever  made  by  American  soldiers.  As  they  marched 
across  the  open  field  to  take  their  position,  with  drums 
beating  and  flags  flying,  both  armies  held  their  breath. 
Then  came  the  order  to  advance,  and  they  swept  bravely 
forward.  Sword  in  hand,  Pettigrew  rode  before  his 
men  cheering  them  on  and  setting  an  example  of  bravery 
which  they  bravely  followed. 

Suddenly,  from  Cemetery  Ridge,  the  Union  guns 
opened  fire.  Men  fell  by  the  hundreds.  For  a  moment 
the  Confederate  line  wavered  and  seemed  about  to 
break.  But  above  the  roar  of  the  guns  was  heard  the 
cool  command  of  Pettigrew  and  his  officers,  "Close  up! 
Forward!''  The  men  rallied  and  swept  onward.  They 
reached  the  foot  of  Cemetery  Ridge,  they  dashed  right 
up  to  tin-  stone  wall,  they  sprang  over  it.  For  a  mo- 
ment the  Confederate  flag  waved  from  the  Union 
breastworks.  Around  it  raged  a  fierce,  hand-to-hand 
struggle.  But  so  few  had  lived  to  defend  it  that  they 
were  soon  driven  back  in  retreat  and  confusion. 


HILL,    PKTTKHtKW,   AND   (IRIMKS  2/>l 

Again  the  Union  lines  had  held  firm,  and  the  battle 
of  Gettysburg  was  over.  The  Confederates  had  lost; 
but  as  loii"-  as  men  admire  brave  deeds,  the  Pickett- 
Pettigrew  charge  at  Gettysburg  will  live  in  history. 

The  Famous  Twenty-Sixth  at  Gettysburg.  -  When 
the  dead  were  counted,  it  was  found  that  the  Confed- 
erates who  fell  farthest  within  the  Union  lines  were  the 
North  Carolinians  led  by  Pettigrew.  .More  than  1300 
North  Carolina  soldiers  fell  in  that  charge.  Vance's 
old  regiment,  the  famous  Twenty-Sixth,  lost  at  Gettys- 
burg the  largest  number  of  men  lost  by  any  regiment 
on  either  side  during  the  entire  war.  Though  sad  at 
the  death  of  so  many  brave  men,  Pettigrew  was  proud 
of  their  fine  record.  After  the  battle  he  wrote  to  Gov- 
ernor Vance:  ''Knowing  that  you  would  be  anxious 
to  heai-  from  your  old  regiment,  I  embrace  this  oppor- 
tunity to  write  you  a  hasty  note.  It  covered  itself 
with  glory.  Their  loss  has  been  heavy,  very  heavy,  but 
the  missing  are  on  the  battle-field  and  in  the  hospital." 

The  Death  of  Pettigrew.  The  next  day,  July  4, 
Lee  began  his  retreat  into  Virginia.  The  most  important 
and  dangerous  post  in  a  retreating  army  is  the  rear. 
The  rear  must  guard  the  army  against  attacks  from  the 
pursuing  enemy.  During  the  retreat  from  Gettysburg, 
Pettigrew  was  in  command  of  the  rear  of  one  division 
of  Lee's  army.  On  July  14.  while  his  men  were  at 
breakfast,  they  were  attacked  by  a  small  Union  force. 
Pettigrew,  rushing  into  the  midst  of  the  fight,  fell  mor- 
tally wounded.  He  died  three  days  later. 

Bryan  Grimes.  --  When  the  Confederates  captured 
the  town  of  Gettysburg,  July  1.  the  first  regiment  to 
enter  the  town  was  the  Fourth  North  Carolina  Regi- 


252 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


BRYAN  GRIMES 


ment.  This  regiment  was  commanded  by  Colonel  Bryan 
Grimes.  Colonel  Grimes  was  born  in  Pitt  county.  After 
graduating  from  the  University  of  North  Carolina  he 
traveled  in  Europe  and  then  settled  on  his  large  plantation 
in  Pitt  county.  There  he  lived  quietly 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  In  1861 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Con- 
vention and  voted  for  the  secession  of 
North  Carolina.  "Our  cause  is  just," 
he  declared;  "for  it  I  will  fight,  even 
for  it  I  am  willing  to  die.''  As  soon, 
therefore,  as  North  Carolina  had 
seceded,  Grimes  resigned  from  the 
convention  and  entered  the  Confeder- 
ate army.  Governor  Ellis  at  once 
appointed  him  major  of  the  Fourth 
North  Carolina  Regiment.  Afterward  he  was  made  a 
lieutenant-colonel  and  ordered  to  Virginia. 

Colonel  Grimes  at  Seven  Pines. — Though  not  trained 
as  a  soldier,  Colonel  Grimes  soon  showed  himself  to  be 
a  born  leader.  At  the  battle  of  Seven  Pines,  near 
Richmond,  he  distinguished  himself  and  his  regiment. 
While  riding  at  the  head  of  his  men  in  a  charge,  a  cannon 
ball  blew  off  his  horse's  head.  The  horse  fell,  catching 
Colonel  Grimes's  leg  under  his  body.  Thinking  their 
colonel  was  killed,  the  soldiers  wavered.  But  Colonel 
Grimes,  waving  his  sword  above  the  dead  horse's  body, 
cried,  "Forward!  forward!"  When  his  men  had  re- 
leased him,  he  sprang  to  his  feet,  sei/ed  the  flag  of  the 
regiment,  rushed  to  the  front,  and  called  on  his  men  to 
follow  him.  They  dashed  upon  the  Union  breastworks 
and  captured  them.  In  this  charge  every  officer  of 


HILL,    PKTTICKKNV,    AM)   CHIMKS 

the  regiment,  except  Colonel  Crimes,   \va.s  either  killed 
or  wounded. 

Colonel    Grimes    and    His    Regiment.        Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Crimes's  gallantry  at  Seven  Pines  won  for  him 


SEVEN  PINES  BATTLE-FIELD  AS  IT  LOOKS  TO-DAY 

promotion  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  His  regiment  soon 
became,  under  his  leadership,  one  of  the  best  in  the 
Confederate  army.  He  was  strict  with  his  men  and 
required  them  to  attend  closely  to  their  duties.  But 
he  soon  won  their  respect  and  love,  for  he  was  careful 
of  their  health  and  comfort,  and  he  always  led,  but 
never  followed  them  into  battle.  Wherever  the  fight- 
ing was  hottest,  there  Colonel  Crimes  was  sure  to  be 
found.  During  the  war  seven  horses  were  killed  under 
him.  Xo  wonder  his  soldiers  were  so  devoted  to  him 
and  were  ready  to  follow  wherever  he  led.  General 


254  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

Anderson,  who  commanded  the  brigade,  declared  that, 
"Though  small  in  number,  Colonel  G rimes' s  regiment 
is  the  keystone  of  my  brigade." 

Colonel  Grimes  Wins  the  Rank  of  General.  —  In 
several  of  the  great  battles  of  the  war  Colonel  Grimes 
and  his  regiment  won  high  praise  from  the  commanding 
generals.  Though  only  a  colonel,  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  a  brigade  at  Fredericksburg,  which  he  led 
with  much  skill  arid  judgment.  At  Chancellorsville, 
while  leading  a  charge,  his  sword  was  cut  in  two  by  a 
bullet,  his  clothing  was  torn  in  several  places,  a  ball 
struck  his  sword-belt,  and  another  wounded  him  in 
the  foot.  On  the  first  day  at  Gettysburg,  Colonel 
Grimes  led  his  men  into  the  town,  and  in  a  charge 
captured  more  prisoners  than  there  were  men  in  his 
regiment.  During  the  bloody  battle  of  the  Wilder- 
ness, the  brave  General  Ramseur,  of  North  Carolina, 
was  wounded.  The  brigade  wavered.  Colonel  Grimes 
sprang  to  its  head,  ordered  a  charge,  and  captured  the 
enemy's  position.  General  Lee  himself  rode  up  and, 
thanking  Colonel  Grimes  for  his  action,  declared  that 
he  had  saved  the  Confederate  army  and  deserved  the 
thanks  of  the  country.  A  few  days  later  Colonel  Grimes 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  to 
succeed  General  Junius  Daniel,  who  had  been  killed  at 
Spottsylvania. 

In  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  —  General  Grimes  was 
then  sent  to  join  the  Confederate  army  under  General 
.Jubal  A.  Karly  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  of  Virginia. 
Their  plan  was  to  march  up  the  valley  as  if  to  make  an 
attack  on  Washington  City.  It  was  hoped  that  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  would  think  the  capital  in  such  danger 


HILL,    IMTTIC.KKW,    AND   (1HIMKS 

tliat  In1  would  call  back  a  part  of  Grant's  army  to  defend 
it.  Then  Lee  might  attack  the  rest  of  ( Irant's  force 
and  defeat  it. 

At  first  tlu1  Confederates  swept  everything  before 
them.  They  marched  into  Pennsylvania,  captured  the 
town  of  Chambersburg,  and  approached  so  near  to 
Washington  that  the  men  could  see  the  dome  of  the 
Capitol.  But  Lincoln  did  not  call  back  any  of  (Irant's 
men.  Instead  he  sent  a  powerful  force  under  General 
Sheridan  into  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  Two  important 
battles  were  fought,  at  Winchester  and  at  Cedar  Creek. 
In  both  battles  General  Grimes  led  his  men  with  great 
skill  and  daring.  At  Winchester  he  had  one  horse  shot 
from  under  him,  and  at  Cedar  Creek  two.  His  men 
fought  with  their  usual  bravery,  but  they  could  not 
succeed  against  such  great  numbers.  After  some  of 
the  hardest  fighting  of  the  war  the  Confederates  were 
defeated  and  retreated  down  the  valley.  So  important 
were  General  Grimes's  services  in  this  campaign  that  he 
was  promoted  over  several  of  his  senior  officers  to  the 
rank  of  major-general. 

In  the  Trenches  at  Petersburg.  Lee  and  Grant 
were  now  facing  each  other  at  Petersburg.  Virginia. 
Grant  had  more  than  twice  as  many  men  as  Lee.  Lee 
needed  every  man  he  could  get,  so  General  Grimes  was 
called  back  from  the  valley  to  help  in  the  defense  of 
Petersburg. 

The  Confederates  had  thrown  up  great  breastworks 
to  protect  the  city.  Behind  these  works  they  had  dug 
long,  deep  trenches,  in  which  the  soldiers  stood  and 
fought.  Often  they  had  to  stand  for  hours  at  a  time 
knee-deep  in  cold  mud  and  water.  They  suffered 


256  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

terribly  from  cold,  hunger,  and  sickness.  Yet  they  were 
compelled,  day  and  night,  to  be  always  on  the  alert 
and  ready  for  duty.  Even  when  asleep  they  wore  their 
clothes  and  slept  on  their  arms.  At  any  moment  they 
might  be  awakened  by  a  call  to  battle.  For  nearly  a 
year,  every  day  and  night,  the  Union  soldiers  with  great 
bravery  kept  up  their  attacks  on  the  Confederate  works. 
The  Confederates,  realizing  that,  if  their  works  were 
lost,  all  would  be  over,  fought  desperately.  During 
this  long  siege  some  of  the  most  daring  deeds  in  the 
history  of  warfare  were  performed  by  both  armies. 

General  Grimes  held  one  of  the  most  important  posts 
in  the  Confederate  lines.  With  about  2200  men  he 
had  to  defend  more  than  three  miles  of  breastworks 
against  a  force  several  times  as  large  as  his  own.  He 
did  it  so  well  as  to  add  greatly  to  his  fame  as. a  daring 
and  skilful  officer.  One  day  General  Lee  ordered  an 
attack  on  the  Union  lines.  At  Grimes's  command  his 
men  sprang  over  their  breastworks,  surprised  the  enemy, 
captured  a  general  and  500  prisoners,  and  took  the 
enemy's  position.  General  Grimes,  riding  a  captured 
horse,  was  a  perfect  target  for  the  enemy's  sharpshooters. 
His  coolness  and  courage  under  the  thickest  fire  filled 
his  men  with  confidence  and  determination.  Though 
attacked  by  ten  times  their  own  number,  they  held  the 
Union  works  for  two  hours  before  they  were  forced  to 
retreat. 

Last  at  Appomattox.  —  After  nine  months  of  fighting 
Lee  decided  that  he  could  no  longer  hold  Petersburg, 
so  he  gave  the  order  to  retreat.  His  army  turned 
westward,  hoping  to  escape  from  Grant  and  join  the 
Confederates  under  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston  in 


HILL,  PF:ITK;RK\V,  AND  CUIMMS  257 

North  Carolina.  On  tliis  retreat  General  Grimes,  com- 
manding liis  own  division  and  other  troops  placed  under 
him  by  General  Lee,  was  assigned  the  duty  of  protecting 
the  rear  of  the  Confederate  army  from  attacks  by  the 
pursuing  enemy.  When  the  Confederates  reached  Appo- 
mattox  Court-house  they  found  themselves  surrounded 
by  about  four  times  their  own  number.  What  should 
be  done?  This  question  Lee  put  to  his  generals.  After 
an  anxious  discussion  Lee  decided  to  make  one  attempt 
to  break  through  the  enemy's  line  and,  if  possible,  to 
escape  to  the  mountains.  The  attack  was  to  be  made 
on  the  morning  of  April  9,  1865. 

When  morning  came,  the  generals  who  were  expected 
to  order  the  attack  could  not  agree  how  it  should  be  made. 
While  they  were  discussing  it,  General  Grimes  rode  up 
and  impatiently  demanded  the  cause  of  the  delay. 
"It  is  somebody's  duty,"  he  declared,  "to  carry  out 
General  Lee's  orders.  If  you  do  not  want  to  do  it,  I 
will  do  it  myself."  The  others  then  told  him  to  go 
ahead. 

So  he  at  once  arranged  his  plans,  placed  his  men  in 
proper  positions,  and  gave  the  command  to  advance. 
Cheered  by  their  leader's  example,  the  men  rushed  for- 
ward with  a  vim,  and  after  a  short,  sharp  fight  drove  the 
enemy  back  for  nearly  a  mile.  General  G rimes  then 
hurried  off  a  message  to  General  Gordon  telling  him  that 
the  way  was  open  for  the  wagons  to  escape.  To  his 
great  surprise  he  received  in  reply  an  order  to  withdraw 
his  men.  Thinking  there  must  be  some  mistake,  he  did 
not  obey.  Finally  a  similar  order  came  from  General 
Lee  himself.  Then  General  Grimes  gave  the  command 
for  a  retreat.  The  Union  forces  followed  and  made  a 


258  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLIXA 

sudden  attack.  A  volley  from  General  William  R. 
Cox's  North  Carolina  brigade  drove  them  back,  and 
Grimes's  command  retired  safely. 

Riding  up  to  General  Gordon,  Grimes  asked  where 
he  should  place  his  men.  "Anywhere  you  choose,"  re- 
plied Gordon.  Surprised  at  this  strange  answer,  Grimes 
asked  what  he  meant.  Then  he  learned  that  General 
Lee  had  gone  to  meet  General  Grant,  to  surrender 
the  Confederate  army.  All  was  now  over,  and  General 
Grimes's  men  had  fought  the  last  battle  and  fired  the 
last  shot  of  the  Confederate  army  in  Virginia. 

General  Hill's  Last  Battle.  --  Lee's  surrender  did 
not  immediately  end  the  war.  There  were  other 
Confederate  armies  in  the  South,  and  they  too  had  to 
be  overcome  before  peace  could  be  established.  One 
of  these  armies  was  in  North  Carolina  under  the  com- 
mand of  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston.  His  army  of 
about  30,000  ragged,  hungry  men  was  retreating  north- 
ward before  General  Sherman's  army  of  about  (K),000. 
At  Bentonville,  in  North  Carolina,  March  11),  1SG5,  the 
two  armies  fought  their  last  battle. 

General  D.  II.  Hill,  who  had  borne  such  an  important 
part  in  the  first  battle  at  Bethel,  also  bore  an  impor- 
tant part  at  Bentonville.  In  18(53  he  had  been  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  and  sent  to  aid  the 
Confederates  in  Tennessee.  There  he  was  welcomed 
as  "a  stern  and  dauntless  soldier."  He  commanded 
part  of  the  army  at  the  great  battle  of  Chickamauga,  in 
which  he  added  to  his  fame  for  skill  and  courage.  After 
this  battle  he  was  recalled  to  Virginia,  and  later  returned 
to  North  Carolina,  where  he  joined  General  Johnston  in 
time  to  take  part  in  the  battle  of  Bentonville. 


HILL,    I'KTTICKKW,    AND   CRIMKS 


2f)<) 


The  fighting  at  Bentonville  was  severe,  and  both 
armies  displayed  great  bravery.  At  first  the  Confeder- 
ates were  successful,  and  their  spirits  were  high  in  hopes 
of  victory.  But  the  numbers  against  them  were  too 
great.  More  Union  troops  came  up  and  Johnston  was 
forced  to  retreat. 

He  retreated  toward  Raleigh  hoping 
to  join  (leneral  Lee.  But  on  April  10 
he  heard  of  Lee's  surrender,  and  he 
knew  that  the  end  had  come.  So,  on 
April  2(1,  he  met  (leneral  Sherman 
near  Durham  and  surrendered  to  him. 

The  Last  Days  of  Hill  and  Grimes. 

After  the  war  Hill  and  Crimes 
returned  to  their  homes  in  Xorth 
Carolina.  Their  last  years  were 
spent  in  helping  the  South  to  re- 
cover her  wealth  and  prosperity, 
one  in  education,  the  other  in  agriculture. 

For  several  years  (leneral  Hill  edited  a  magazine, 
published  at  Charlotte,  called  The  Land  We  Lore.  It 
was  devoted  to  the  history,  literature,  and  industries  of 
the  South.  In  1S77  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
University  of  Arkansas.  Seven  years  later  (1885)  he 
moved  to  (leorgia,  as  president  of  the  (leorgia  Military 
and  Agricultural  College,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death.  Thus  the  last  twelve  years  of  his  life  were  spent 
in  teaching  the  boys  whose  fathers  he  had  so  often  led 
to  battle  in  the  great  Civil  War.  He  died  at  Charlotte, 
X.  C.,  in  1SS9. 

(leneral  (1  rimes  returned  to  his  plantation  in  Pit4 
county.  Xo  work  was  more  important  for  the  South 


260  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

than  the  rebuilding  of  her  agricultural  interests,  which 
the  war  had  nearly  destroyed.  To  this  work  General 
Grimes  devoted  his  closing  years.  He  became  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  successful  planters  in  the  State. 
In  his  neighborhood  was  a  band  of  bad  men  whose 
crimes  kept  peaceful  people  in  constant  terror.  General 
Grimes  made  earnest  effort  to  have  them  captured  and 
punished.  They  determined  to  get  rid  of  him.  One 
evening  about  dark,  in  1880,  this  brave  soldier,  who  had 
faced  death  so  often  on  the  battle-field,  was  shot  to  death 
by  a  hired  assassin  hiding  in  ambush. 

GEOGRAPHY    STUDY 

1.  Trace  the  courses  of  the  York  and  James  rivers  in  Virginia. 
Between  these  rivers  several  of  the  battles  mentioned  in  this  chapter 
were  fought.     Describe  the  location  of  each. 

2.  Describe  the  location  of  Gettysburg  with  reference  to  Washing- 
ton, Philadelphia,  Harrisburg. 

3.  Describe    the    location    of    Chancellorsville    with    reference    to 
Washington    and    Richmond.     Petersburg    with    reference    to    North 
Carolina  and  Richmond.     Appomattox  with  reference  to  Richmond, 
Petersburg,  and  North  Carolina. 

4.  General  Sherman  marched  from  Cheraw,  S.  C.,  to  Fayettevillc, 
N.  C.,  thence  to  Bentonville,  thence  to  Goldsboro,  thence  to  Raleigh, 
Durham,  and  Greensboro.     Trace  the   line   of   his   inarch    in    North 
Carolina. 

QUESTIONS   FOR   REVIEW 

1.  Describe  North  Carolina's  preparations  for  war. 

2.  How  many  troops  did  North  Carolina  send  to  the  Confederate 
armies?     In  what  States  did  they  serve?     How  many  were  killed  or 
died  of  disease?     What  North  Carolina  generals  were  killed? 

3.  Tell  the  story  of  General  Hill's  life  before  the  Civil  War. 

4.  Describe  the  battle  of  Big  Bethel. 


IIII.L,  PKTTIGRKW,  AND  CRIMES  2(>i 

5.  What  is  said  about  General  Hill's  conduct  in  battle? 

0.  What  services  did  he  perform  in  North  Carolina  in  1S(>.'5? 

7.  Describe  Pettigrcw's  preparations  for  war. 

S.  How  did  Pettigrew  become  a  general? 

!).  (Jive  an  account  of  his  action  at  the  battle  of  Seven  Pines. 

10.  Describe    Pettigrcw's    conduct    in    the    first    day's    battle    of 
Gettysburg. 

1!.  Describe    the    Picket-Pettigrew    charge    on    the    third    day    at 
Gettysburg. 

12.  Give  an  account  of  Xorth  Carolina's  losses  at  Gettysburg. 

lo.  Describe  Pettigrew's  death. 

14.  What  is  said  of  Bryan  Grimes's  education  and  life  before  the 
war? 

lf>.  Describe  the  charge  of  his  regiment  at  Seven  Pines. 
1C).  What  is  said  of  his  training  of  his  regiment?     What  did  General 
Anderson  say  of  him? 

17.   How  did  Grimes  win  the  rank  of  general? 

15.  Describe  his  campaign  under  Karly. 

10.  Give  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Petersburg. 

20.  How    and   why    did   General    Grimes   lead  the   last    charge    at, 
Appomattox? 

21.  What  were  General  Hill's  last  services  in  the  Confederate  army? 

22.  Describe  the  last  years  of  Hill's  life. 

23.  Tell  of  the  death  of  General  Grimes. 


CHAPTER   XX 


CHARLES  D.   MC!VKR 


CHARLES   DUNCAN   McIVER 

Education  Since  the  War.  —  One  of  the  greatest  evils 
that  North  Carolina  suffered  from  the   Civil  War  and 
Reconstruction    was    the    closing    of 
her  public  schools.      During  the  war 
Calvin    H.  Wiley  carefully  protected 
the    public    school     funds    and    kept 
the  schools  open.      President    Swain, 
^  with   great    difficulty,  kept  the  doors 

^^f  '          .1  of  the  University  open. 

Jgl"  JH  I^ut    when    Reconstruction     came, 

both  the  public  schools  and  the 
University  were  closed.  A  few  pri- 
vate schools  and  church  colleges  struggled  bravely  along 
and  rendered  important  services  to  the  State.  But 
they  could  not  provide  education  for  all  the  children  of 
North  Carolina.  Many  thousands  of  them,  therefore, 
never  had  any  chance  to  go  to  school  at  all,  and  grew 
up  in  illiteracy. 

But  when  the  "carpet-baggers"  were  driven  out  of 
power,  one  of  the  first  things  the  people  did  was  to 
reopen  their  public  schools  and  the  University.  Since 
that  time  more  attention  has  been  given  to  education 
than  ever  before.  Public  schools  have  been  established 
both  for  the  whites  and  for  the  negroes.  More  than 

202 


CIIARLKS    1)1  NCAX    McIVKR 

twice  as  many  children  now  attend  these  schools  as 
attended  them  in  the  days  of  Calvin  II.  Wiley.  More 
than  five  times  as  much  money  is  spent  for  their  educa- 
tion. The  school-houses  are  better,  the  school  terms 
are  longer,  the  teachers  are  better  trained,  and  there 
an4  fewer  illiterate  people  in  the  State  than  ever  before'. 

Charles  Duncan  Mclver.  --  Many  of  the  State's 
greatest  men  have  taken  part  in  this  work,  but  perhaps 
none  of  them  did  so  much  as  Charles  Duncan  Mclver. 
To-day  thousands  of  children  in  North  Carolina  are  at 
school  in  pretty  school-houses,  sitting  in  comfortable 
desks,  reciting  to  good  teachers,  and  looking  forward 
to  bright  futures,  because  this  man  was  their  friend. 
They  may  never  have  seen  him;  he  may  never  have 
seen  them.  Hut  he  was  interested  in  them,  worked 
for  them,  spoke  for  them,  wrote  for  them,  and  fought 
and  won  battles  for  them. 

Charles  D.  Mclver  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Moore 
county,  September  27,  1800.  The  names  of  most  of 
the  people  in  that  community,  like  his  own,  began  with 
''  Mae,"  for  they  were  descendants  of  the  brave  old 
Scotch  Highlanders.  Mdver's  own  grandfather  was 
born  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  and  came  to  North 
Carolina  when  he  was  a  mere1  lad  of  eight  years. 

Mclver's  Early  Training.  --  Two  things  Mclver's 
father  always  required  his  boys  to  do.  First,  they  had 
to  attend  regularly  the  best  school  within  their  reach. 
When  school  opened  in  the  fall,  young  Melver  was 
there  ready  for  work.  And  he  was  there  on  the  last 
day  when  it  closed  in  the  spring.  Whatever  he  might 
do,  there  was  no  shirking  his  school  duties.  Secondly, 
when  school  was  not  in  session,  the  Mclver  bovs  had  to 


2(14  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

do  regular  work  on  the  farm.  Charles  D.  Mclver  used 
to  say: 

"I  did  all  kinds  of  farm  work  from  planting,  har- 
vesting, splitting  rails,  minding  the  gap,  log-rolling, 
corn-shucking,  piling  brush,  and  digging  ditches,  to 
plowing  a  deaf  mule  in  a  new  ground  with  a  bull- 
tongue  plow." 

There  were  no  loafers  on  the  Mclver  farm.  Idleness 
was  not  permitted.  So  young  Mclver  learned  to  love 
work,  whether  it  was  work  with  his  books  or  work  with 
the  plow.  ''The  hardest  work  I  ever  did,"  he  said, 
"was  resting."  After  he  became  a  man,  his  friends 
often  urged  him  to  take  a  vacation  and  rest.  But  he 
would  reply,  "I  cannot  rest  until  my  work  is  done. 
My  work  is  my  joy." 

Mclver  at  the  University.  --  When  he  was  seventeen 
years  old,  Mclver  entered  the  University.  There  he 
worked  hard  for  four  years.  When  he  was  graduated 
in  1881  he  was  one  of  the  best  scholars  in  his  class.  He 
stood  first  in  Greek  and  French,  and  shared  with  three 
others  the  first  place  in  Latin. 

He  made  many  strong  friends  at  the  University.  Two 
of  his  best  friends  were  his  teachers,  Dr.  Kemp  P. 
Battle,  president  of  the  University,  and  Dr.  (ieorge  T. 
Winston,  professor  of  Latin. 

"Dr.  Battle,"  said  Mclver,  "regards  the  people  of 
North  Carolina  as  a  great  big  family,  each  member  of 
which  owes  to  every  other  member  affectionate1  sym- 
pathy and  loyal  support  in  any  worthy  undertaking. 
He  loves  the  people  of  this  State.  Kvery  sprig  of  grass 
and  every  bird  that  touches  the  soil  of  North  Carolina 
is  dear  to  him.  He  is  proud  of  our  history  and  is  proud 


( 'HARM-IS    Dl'NCAN    M.IVKR  20.3 

tliat  he  is  proud  of  it.  No  man  can  come  under  his 
influence  without  wishing  to  be  of  service  to  so  good  a 
State  and  so  great  a  poeple." 

Of  Dr.  Winston,  Mclver  said :  "Dr.  Winston  inspires, 
in  all  young  men  with  whom  he  comes  in  contact  self- 
reliance  and  the  audacity  to  undertake  large  tasks/' 

To  these  two  men  Mclver  said  he  owed  more  than  to 
any  of  his  other  teachers.  From  Dr.  Battle  he  learned 
to  love  North  Carolina  and  to  desire  to  render  some  great 
service  to  the  State.  From  Dr.  Winston  he  gained 
self-confidence  and  a  willingness  to  undertake  difficult 
tasks.  lie  was  popular  both  with  the  faculty  and  the 
students.  The  students  called  him  "Mac,"  and  they 
all  liked  the  big,  genial  Scotch  boy  who  had  such  a 
catching  laugh  and  told  such  good  stories. 

Mclver's  First  Vote.  —  After  graduating  from  the 
University,  Mclver  went  to  Durham  to  teach  in  a  pri- 
vate school.  Soon  afterward  an  election  was  held  there 
upon  the  question  of  a  local  tax  for  a  public  graded 
school.  Mclver  knew  that  if  the  people  voted  to  estab- 
lish the  graded  school,  his  own  school  would  soon  be 
closed.  But  he  also  knew  that  there  were  many  chil- 
dren in  the  town  who  could  never  get  an  education  unless 
a  graded  school  were  established.  What,  then,  should 
he  do?  Should  he  vote  for  the  graded  school  and  against 
his  own  school?  Or  should  he  vote  against  the  graded 
school  and  for  his  own  school? 

It  did  not  take  Mclver  long  to  decide  this  question, 
for  he  was  eager  "to  be  of  service"  to  the  children, 
lie  was  willing  to  close  his  own  school  if  he  might  help 
to  open  a  school  in  which  all  the  children  could  be  edu- 
cated. So  he  worked  hard  for  the  graded  school  and 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

persuaded  other  men  to  work  for  it.  On  election  day 
he  went  to  the  voting  place  and  cast  his  vote  for  the 
graded  school.  It  was  his  first  vote,  and  he  was  always 
proud  that  he  had  cast  it  for  a  tax  for  public  education. 

Mclver  Begins  Public  School  Work.  —  When  the 
graded  school  was  opened,  Mclvers  school  was  closed. 
The  people  of  Durham  at  once  called  on  him  to  teach 
in  the  graded  school.  After  teaching  in  the  Durham 
school  for  a  little  more  than  a  year,  he  went  to  Winston 
to  teach  in  the  graded  school  started  there  by  Calvin 
H.  Wiley.  In  Winston  he  not  only  taught  others,  but 
he  also  learned  at  least  one  lesson  himself  that  he  had 
not  known  before.  He  learned  what  it  was  to  fall  in 
love,  and  in  1885  he  was  married  to  Miss  Lula  V.  Martin. 
After  nearly  two  years  in  Winston  he  became  a  teacher 
in  Peace  Institute  at  Raleigh,  where  he  taught  until 
June,  1889. 

North  Carolina's  Most  Important  Question.  --  Dur- 
ing all  these  years  Mclver  worked  hard  to  improve 
himself  as  a  teacher.  He  visited  other  schools,  talked 
with  other  teachers  about  their  work,  and  read  many 
books  about  teaching.  During  the  summer  months 
he  taught  in  summer  schools  and  institutes  for  teachers. 
Everywhere  he  went  he  tried  to  impress  upon  the  people 
the  importance  of  education.  "The  supreme  question 
in  civilization,"  he  told  them,  "is  education." 

In  North  Carolina  he  declared  that  two  great  needs 
were:  better  school-houses  and  longer  school  terms; 
but  the  greatest  need  of  all  was  better  school-teachers. 
No  school  can  be  better  than  its  teachers.  "The  school- 
teacher," said  Mclver,  ''is  our  most  important  public 
official."  North  Carolina's  most  important  question, 


CHARLKH    Dl'XCAN    MrlYKK 


therefore,    was,    k'Ilow    can    the    schools    secure    hotter 
teachers?  " 

Mclver  Finds  the  Answer.  Melvor  found  the 
answer  to  this  important  question.  The  State,  he 
declared,  must  establish  a  college  whore  teachers  can 
he  taught  and  trained  how  to  teach.  Such  a  college  is 
called  a  normal  college.  In  18S6  Mclver  attended 
the  North  Carolina 
Teachers'  Assembly 
to  speak  in  favor  of 
a  normal  college. 
Hundreds  of  North 
Carolina  teachers 
wore  there.  When 
they  had  heard  him, 
they  declared  in  fa- 
vor of  his  plan,  and 
appointed  a  commit- 
tee to  urge  the  Leg- 
islature to  establish 
such  a  college.  Mclver  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
this  committee.  lie  worked  hard  with  the  members 
of  the  Legislature,  but  could  not  persuade  them  to  do 
what  he  asked. 

A  Campaign  of  Education.  --  Instead  of  establishing 
the  normal  college,  the  Legislature  decided  to  send  out 
two  men  to  hold  institutes  for  teachers  and  to  speak  to 
the  people  about  education.  The  two  men  selected 
were  Charles  D.  Mclver  and  Edwin  A.  Alderman. 
They  began  their  work  in  September,  1SS9.  In  every 
county  in  the  State  one  or  the  other  of  them  met  the 
teachers  and  taught  them  how  to  teach. 


A  MODERN  RURA.L  HIGH  SCHOOL  BUILDING 
IN  WAUK  ( 'OTNTY 

(Mans'  arc  found  in  the  State) 


268  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

But  they  had  other  work  to  do  also.  They  were 
expected  to  speak  to  the  people  to  get  them  interested 
in  the  education  of  their  children.  So  everywhere  they 
went,  they  held  public  meetings.  Farmers,  preachers, 
lawyers,  doctors,  merchants,  editors,  mechanics,  and 
many  others  went  out  to  hear  them.  They  urged  the 
people  to  vote  local  taxes  to  improve  their  schools. 
"Ignorance  and  illiteracy,"  said  Mclver,  "cost  more  than 
education."  They  spoke  about  the  normal  college  and 
urged  the  people  to  demand  that  their  legislators  vote 
the  money  for  it. 

Mclver's  Victory.  --  When  the  Legislature  met  in 
1891,  Mclver  again  went  to  Raleigh  to  work  for  the  nor- 
mal college.  He  found  it  a  hard  task,  for  many  of  the 
members  were  too  impatient  to  listen  to  him.  But  he 
never  let  slip  a  chance  to  talk  about  the  college.  He 
met  men  in  the  Capitol,  on  the  streets,  in  the  hotels, 
and  wherever  he  could  get  them  to  listen  he  would  talk. 
And  many  were  glad  to  hear  him,  for  he  talked  well. 

He  declared  that  the  only  hope  thousands  of  boys  and 
girls  in  North  Carolina  had  for  an  education  was  in  the 
public  schools.  Most  of  the  teachers  in  these  schools 
were  women.  The  men  who  wished  to  teach  could 
study  at  the  University,  but  the  State  had  never  estab- 
lished such  a  college  for  women.  For  the  good  of  the 
children  the  State  ought  to  establish  a  college  for  women, 
where  they  could  be  trained  as  teachers.  "We  can 
better  afford  to  have  five  illiterate  men,"  Mclver 
declared,  "than  one  illiterate  mother." 

Mclver  was  so  deeply  in  earnest  and  worked  so  hard 
that  he  finally  succeeded.  The  Legislature  voted 
$10,000  for  t ho  establishment  of  the  "State  Normal  and 


niAULKs  nrxcAX  M<IYI<:R 

Industrial  College "  ai  Greensboro.  Mclver  was  elected 
its  first  president  and  remained  at  its  head  for  fourteen 
years. 

Mclver's  Ideal  of  a  College.  —  Mclver  had  a  noble 
ideal   of  what  such   a  college  ought   to   be.     A    "great 


BUILDINGS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  STATE   NORMAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   COLLEGE 

AT  GREENSBORO 
(View  looking  north  down  College  Avenue) 

and  useful  college,"  he  said,  should  teach  "love  of 
truth  for  truth's  sake;  .  .  .  belief  in  fair  play  and  the 
willingness  to  applaud  an  honest  victor  in  any  contest ; 
.  .  .  the  habit  of  tolerance  toward  those  with  whom 
one  does  not  entirely  agree;  .  .  .  the  recognition  of 
authority;  .  .  .  the  spirit  of  overlooking  the  blunders 
of  others  and  of  helping  those  who  are  weak;  the  con- 
tempt for  idleness  and  shirkers;  the  love  of  one's  fellow- 


270  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

workers,  even  though  they  be  one's  rivals;  self-reliance; 
faith  in  human  progress;  confidence  in  right;  and 
belief  in  God."  This  was  the  sort  of  college  that  he 
tried  to  make  of  the  State  Normal  and  Industrial  College. 

While  he  was  president,  the  college  had  a  wonderful 
growth.  The  two  or  three  buildings  on  ten  acres  of 
ground  grew  to  eleven  buildings  on  130  acres.  The 
number  of  teachers  increased  from  fifteen  to  fifty. 
More  than  3000  young  women  were  students  there. 
They  were  the  daughters  of  rich  men  and  poor  men; 
of  preachers,  lawyers,  and  physicians;  of  merchants, 
manufacturers,  and  farmers;  of  mechanics,  engineers, 
and  day-laborers.  They  were  from  the  country,  the 
town,  and  the  city.  The}'  came  from  every  county  in 
North  Carolina.  Students  of  the  college  have  taught 
in  the  public  schools  of  every  county.  More  than  2000 
teachers  were  trained  there  under  Dr.  Mclver,  and 
they  have  taught  more  than  200,000  North  Carolina 
children. 

Our  Great  Educational  Leader.  --  The  teachers  of 
North  Carolina  looked  upon  Dr.  Mclver  as  their  leader. 
Wherever  there  was  a  word  to  be  spoken  in  the  cause 
of  education,  his  voice  was  sure  to  be  heard.  Invita- 
tions to  speak  on  education  came  to  him  from  all  parts 
of  North  Carolina,  and  from  more  than  half  the  States 
of  the  Union.  But  nothing  gave  him  so  much  pleasure 
as  to  help  some  small  rural  district  in  North  Carolina 
secure  a  better  school  than  it  had  had  before. 

The  Southern  Education  Board.  —  In  1901  a  group 
of  patriotic  men  from  various  parts  of  the  United  States 
met  at  Salem,  X.  C..  and  formed  the  "Southern  Kduca- 
tion  Hoard."  Their  purpose  was  to  help  improve  the 


('HARLKS    Dl'NCAN     MdVKR  271 

rural  schools  of  the  South.  Dr.  Mclver  was  one  of  the 
leading  members  of  this  hoard.  When  the  hoard  decided 
to  send  out  speakers  in  all  parts  of  the. South  to  speak 
on  education,  it  selected  Dr.  Mclver  to  take  charge  of 
that  work.  Proud  of  the  fact  that  he  had  cast  his  first 
vote  for  local  taxation,  he  now  urged  other  people  to  do 
the  same  thing.  He  favored  local  taxation  for  longer 
school  terms,  better  school-houses,  and  better  school- 
teachers. Hundreds  of  communities  followed  his  advice 
and  are  to-day  enjoying  good  schools. 

Mclver's  Honors.  Many  honors  came  to  Dr.  Mc- 
lver. lie  did  not  seek  them;  they  sought  him.  They 
sought  him  because  he  was  always  thinking,  not  of  his 
own  ambition,  but  of  the  welfare  of  others.  He  was 
president  of  the  North  Carolina  Teachers'  Assembly, 
and  president  of  the  Southern  Educational  Association. 
He  held  high  and  important  places  in  the  National 
Educational  Association.  For  many  years  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Hoard  of  Trustees  of  the  University. 
Because  of  his  work  for  education,  the  University  and 
Davidson  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws. 

Mclver's  Death. — On  October  17,  !<)()().  while  on 
the  train  returning  from  Raleigh  to  Greensboro,  Dr. 
Mclver  was  suddenly  attacked  by  a  severe  pain  in  the 
chest.  Before  a  physician  could  reach  him.  he  fell  into 
the  arms  of  a  friend,  dead. 

The  news  of  his  death  was  received  with  great  grief 
in  North  Carolina  and  the  South.  In  North  Carolina 
the  sorrow  was  universal.  Not  since  the  death  of  Vance 
had  the  people  grieved  so  deeply  at  the  death  of  any 
citizen.  Men  on  the  streets,  women  in  the  school-room, 


272  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

children  in  the  backwoods,  all  felt  as  if  they  had  lost  a 
friend. 

The  Governor  issued  a  proclamation  in  which  he  said: 
"The  life-work  of  Charles  D.  Mclver  is  ended.  For 
twenty-five  years  he  served  his  State  with  fidelity,  zeal, 
and  efficiency  not  surpassed  in  her  annals.  No  one 
has  rendered  the  State  a  greater  service.  .  .  .  Charles 
D.  Mclver's  entire  life  was  given  for  the  better  educa- 
tion of  all  our  women,  the  improvement  of  the  edu- 
cational opportunities  of  all  our  children,  the  uplifting  of 
all  our  citizenship,  and  the  elevation  of  all  our  ideals  of 
civic  service." 

REVIEW 

1.  What  effect  did   Reconstruction  have  on  education  in  North 
Carolina? 

2.  What  did  the  people  do  after  the  "carpet-baggers"  were  over- 
thrown? 

3.  What  part  did  Charles  D.  Mclver  have  in  this  work? 

4.  When  and  where  was  he  born?     Tell  about  his  life  on  the  farm. 
What  did  he  say  was  the  hardest  work  he  ever  did?     Repeat  what  he 
said. 

5.  Give  an  account  of  his  career  at  the  University. 
0.  Tell  about  his  first  vote. 

7.  Where  did  Mclver  begin  his  public  school  work?     How  did  he 
prepare  himself  for  his  work? 

8.  What  did  he  say  was  North  Carolina's  most  important  public 
question? 

9.  What  answer  did  he  give  to  it? 

10.  What  plan  did  he  propose  to  the  Legislature?     What  did  the 
Legislature  do  about  it?     Describe  Mclver's  campaign  for  education. 

11.  How  did  lie  finally  win  his  victory?     When  and  where  was  the 
State  Normal  and  Industrial  College  established?     Who  was  its  first 
president'.' 

12.  Repeat  by  heart  Mclver's  ideal  of  a  college. 


CII. \RI.KS     DTXCAX     M.IYKR 

K!.  (live  an  account  (if  the  work  of  the  college  while  .Mclver  was 
lircsidciit  of  it . 

1  \.  Tell  about  him  as  our  great  educational  leader. 

1").  What  is  the  Southern  Kducntion  Hoard?  What  relation  did 
Mclver  have  to  it  ? 

It).   \\'hat  honors  came  to  him? 

17.    1  )escrihe  his  death. 

IS.   \\  liat  did  the  Governor  say  about  him? 

i!'.  Repent  what.  Mclver  said  was  the  supreme  question  in 
civilization. 

QTFSTIONS    FOR   SPKCIAL  STUDY 

1.  Find  out  the  following  facts  about  the  public  schools  of  Xorth 
Carolina  during  the  past  year:  (a)  Number  of  schools  for  white 
children.  (/>)  For  negro  children,  (r)  Number  of  white  children  en- 
rolled. (//)  Number  of  negro  children  enrolled,  (c)  Number  of  white 
teachers.  (/)  Negro  teachers,  (g)  Amount  of  money  .spent  for  white 
schools.  (//)  For  negro  schools.  (/)  Length  of  term  in  white  schools. 
(,/')  In  negro  schools,  (fc)  Number  of  white  people  in  the  State  who 
could  not  read  or  write.  (/)  Number  of  negroes  who  could  not  read 
or  write. 

'2.  Kxplain  the  influence  that  Dr.  Battle  and  Dr.  Winston  had  on 
Dr.  Mclver.  Mow  did  it  show  itself? 

'•).  What  is  a  "local  tax"?  How  many  school  districts  in  North 
Carolina  have  a  local  tax  for  schools?  Is  yours  OIK?  of  them'.' 

4.  Kxplain  what  Mclver  meant  when  he  said,  "Ignorance  and 
illiteracy  cost  more  than  education." 

.1.  How  many  of  the  public  school  teachers  of  North  Carolina  last 
year  were  men?  How  many  were  women? 

I).  Why  can  the  State  afford  to  have  five  illiterate  men  rather  than 
one  illiterate  mother?  How  many  illiterate  men  wen1  there  in  the 
State  in  1XSO?  How  many  now?  How  many  illiterate  women  in  l.vxii? 
1  low  manv  now? 


MAKERS   OF   MODERN   NORTH   CAROLINA 

A  Sad  and  Gloomy  Picture.  —  After  the  surrender 
of  the  Confederate  armies  the  North  Carolina  soldiers 
returned  quietly  to  their  homes.  Everywhere  they  saw 
a  sad  and  gloomy  picture.  Many  of  the  comfortable 
homes  they  had  left  in  1801  were  now  piles  of  ashes  or 
deserted  ruins.  Barns  and  stables  were  falling  down 
from  neglect.  Farming  tools  were  rusty  from  long 
idleness.  So  many  thousand  horses  and  mules  had  been 
destroyed  that  not  enough  were  left  to  cultivate  the 
farms.  Fields  were  growing  up  in  weeds.  The  farming 
lands  of  North  Carolina  had  fallen  more  than  875, 000, 000 
in  value  since  I860.  Country  roads  were  cut  to  pieces 
and  often  impassable.  Miles  of  railroad  track  were 
torn  up,  and  hundreds  of  cars  and  locomotives  were  use- 
less. In  18(31  there  had  been  but  few  factories  in  the 
State:  even  of  these  few  nearly  all  had  been  closed  or 
destroyed.  The  school-houses  were  empty  and  falling 
into  ruins.  In  the  towns  and  cities  the  streets  were 
deserted  and  desolate. 

As  bad  as  were  these  calamities,  there  were  others  still 
worse.  More  than  40,000  of  the  State's  brightest  and 
bravest  sons  had  fallen  in  the  war.  Other  thousands  had 
come  home  crippled  for  life,  broken  in  health  and  ruined 
in  fortune.  They  found  their  families  in  poverty  and 


MAKKRS   OF    MODKIIN    NORTH    CAROLINA 

often  suffering  for  food  and  clothe<.  The  whole  State 
seemed  crushed  by  her  misfortunes.  "There  was 
indeed,"  as  (lovernor  Vance,  said,  "a  cry  and  lament 
through  all  her  borders." 

The  Soldier's  New  Task.  —  But  amid  all  this  ruin 
the  returning  soldier  did  not  despair.  lie  determined 
to  repair  the4  damages  done  by  war  and  went  to  work  at 
hi-;  new  task  with  a  vim.  He  would  build  a  new  home 
on  the  ruins  of  the  old.  He  would  raise  more  cotton 
and  corn  and  tobacco  than  he  had  raised  before  the  war. 
lie  would  build  new  and  better  factories.  He  would 
improve  his  country  roads  so  they  would  be  good  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year.  He  would  repair  the  old  railroads 
and  build  new  ones.  He  would  place  a  school-house 
within  reach  of  every  child  in  the  State.  He  would  make 
his  villages  grow  into  towns  and  his  towns  into  busy 
cities.  And  he  would  make  North  Carolina  a  richer  and 
better  State  than  it  had  been  before  the  war.  This  was 
his  new  task;  let  us  see  how  well  he  has  performed  it. 

Agriculture  During  the  War.  —  Agriculture  has  always 
been  the  chief  industry  of  Xorth  Carolina.  When 
agriculture  fails,  the  whole  State  suffers.  The  great 
suffering  of  the  people  during  the  war  was  due  chiefly 
to  the  damage  done  to  agriculture.  In  Xorth  Carolina 
more  than  a  million  acres  of  farm  lands  were  left  to  lie 
idle.  The  corn  crop  fell  from  30, 000. 000  bushels  to  less 
than  15,000,000:  the  tobacco  crop  from  32.000.000 
pounds  to  one-third  that  amount;  while  the  cotton, 
wheat,  and  potato  crops  fell  off  in  the  same  way.  Cattle, 
hogs,  sheep,  and  chickens  were  destroyed  by  the 
tens  of  thousands.  The  value  of  farm  lands  fell  from 
8140,000,000  to  less  than  875.000,000. 


276  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

The  State  Department  of  Agriculture.  —  One  of  the 
most  important  things  the  State  had  to  do  after  the  war 
was  to  repair  the  damage  done  to  agriculture.  To  aid 
in  this  task  a  State  Department  of  Agriculture  was 
created,  and  a  college  and  public  high  schools  for  the 
teaching  of  agriculture  were  established. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  was  established  in 
1877.  The  chief  official  of  the  department  is  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture.  The  first  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture  was  Leonidas  L.  Polk.  In  1862  he  became 
a  Confederate  soldier  in  the  regiment  commanded  by 
Colonel  Z.  B.  Vance.  After  serving  in  the  army  two 
years  he  resigned  because  the  soldiers  had  elected  him 
a  member  of  the  Legislature.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
returned  to  his  farm  and  soon  became  one  of  the  most 
progressive  farmers  in  the  State.  He  was  interested  in 
everything  that  would  help  to  improve  the  agriculture  of 
North  Carolina.  In  1877  he  appeared  before  the  Legisla- 
ture to  urge  the  members  to  establish  a  Department  of 
Agriculture.  After  the  department  was  created  Polk  was 
chosen  the  first  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  to  organize  it 
and  begin  its  work.  He  served  from  1877  to  1880  and  laid 
the  foundations  for  the  work  which  the  department  has 
since  done. 

Agricultural  Education.  —  In  order  to  .supply  trained 
and  educated  leaders  in  the  work  of  agriculture  the 
North  Carolina  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic 
Arts  was  established.  Two  of  the  leading  men  in  the 
founding  of  this  college  were  Augustus  Leazar,  of  Iredell 
County,  and  Richard  Stanhope  Pullen,  of  Raleigh. 

Mr.  Lea/ar,  like  Polk,  had  been  a  Confederate  soldier. 
He  thought  that  North  Carolina's  greatest  needs,  after 


.MAKKRS   OF    MODKHN    NORTH    CAROI.INA  277 

the  wai1,  were  better  schools  and  better  farms.  So  lie 
devoted  himself  to  education  and  agriculture.  In  him 
the  State  University,  the  State  Normal  and  Industrial 
College,  and  the  public  schools  always  found  a  strong 
friend.  But  he  believed  that  the  most  important  kind 
of  education  for  North  Carolina  was  education  in  agri- 
culture. A  plan  had  been  proposed  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  college  to  teach  agriculture.  Mr.  Leazar  was 
much  interested  in  this  plan,  and  in  1885,  while  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Legislature,  he  wrote  a  bill  for  the  found- 
ing of  such  a  college.  He  worked  hard  and  spoke  ably 
for  his  bill,  and  it  became  a  law. 

The  college  was  erect  eel  at  Raleigh  on  land  given  by 
Richard  Stanhope  Pullen,  a  wealthy  business  man  who 
always  took  a  deep  interest  in  education  and  everything 
that  helped  to  build  up  the  State.  He  gave  a  large  tra<  t 
of  land  to  the  city  of  Raleigh  for  a  beautiful  park,  which 
is  known  as  "  Pullen  Park."  When  the  State  Normal 
and  Industrial  College  was  founded  at  Greensboro  he 
gave  one-half  of  the  land  on  which  it  was  built.  So,  too, 
when  the  agricultural  college  was  established  he  gave1 
land  enough  for  the  buildings  and  a  large  farm. 

The  college  was  opened  to  students  in  1889.  Its  first 
president  was  Colonel  Alexander  Q.  Holladay  who  or- 
ganized the  college  and  directed  its  affairs  from  1889  to 
1899.  He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  George  T  Winston,  who 
had  formerly  been  president  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina.  Under  his  direction  the  faculty  and  equip- 
ment of  the  college  were  doubled  and  the  number  of 
students  trebled.  When  he  resigned.  Dr.  Daniel  II .  Hill, 
son  of  the  famous  Confederate  general,  I).  H.  Hill,  was 
elected.  Dr.  Hill  had  been  professor  of  English  in  the 


278 


HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 


college  for  several  years.  He  is  author  of  several  books 
on  history  and  agriculture.  Since  he  has  been  president, 
a  number  of  excellent  buildings  have  been  erected  and 
the  work  of  the  college  has  been  greatly  extended. 

The  public  schools  of  the  State  are  also  required  by 
law  to  teach  agriculture.     In  1911  the  Legislature  pro- 


AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING  AT  THE  AGRICULTURAL  AND  MKCHAMCAL 
COLLEGE,   RALEIGH,   X.  C\ 

vided  for  agricultural  high  schools,  called  "  Farm  Life 
Schools,"  which  train  boys  and  girls  for  life  on  the  farm. 
Agricultural  Progress.  —  Under  the  direction  of  these 
agencies,  agriculture  has  become  a  more  important  in- 
dustry in  North  Carolina  than  over  before.  In  1(.)1() 
more  people  in  the  State  were  engaged  in  it  than  in  all 
other  occupations  combined  and  nearly  every  crop  that 
was  grown  in  the  United  States  was  grown  in  North 
Carolina.  But  the  principal  crops  were  corn,  cotton, 
tobacco,  peanuts,  potatoes,  wheat,  and  other  grains. 
All  of  these1  old  crops  had  increased  wonderfully  through 
the  new  methods  of  agriculture.  Many  new  crops,  espe- 
cially fruits  and  vegetables,  had  been  introduced.  Truck 


MAKKRH   OF    MODKKN    NOIM'll    ( 'A  l«  )IJ  \.\          27!) 

farming  had  grown  to  be  one  of  the  most  important  indus- 
tries in  the  State.  These  improvements  in  agriculture 
meant  that  three-fourths  of  the  people  of  North  ( 'arolina 
dwelt  in  better  houses  and  lived  more  comfortably  than 
ever  before. 

Manufacturing.  Before  the  war  very  little  of  the 
cotton  and  tobacco  raised  in  North  Carolina  was  manu- 
factured here.  Most  of  it  was  sent  to  the  milN  and  fac- 
tories of  other  States  and  of  Europe.  When  the  war 
began  there  were  many  factories  in  North  Carolina,  but 
they  were  very  small  and  all  together  employed  less 
than  15,000  persons.  The  value  of  their  products  did 
not  reach  $16,000,000  annually.  Most  of  these  factories 
were  destroyed  by  the  war.  So  when  the  United  States 
fleets  blockaded  the  Southern  ports,  and  kept  the  people 
from  importing  goods  from  Europe,  shoes,  clothes,  writ- 
ing paper,  and  all  other  manufactured  articles  became 
very  scarce. 

After  the  war  great  changes  were  made.  Men  began 
to  ask,  Why  should  we  not  manufacture  our  own  cotton 
and  tobacco  and  lumber?  We  have  great  rivers  with 
immense  water-power.  We  have  extensive  forests  which 
offer  abundant  fuel.  Here  are  the  cotton,  the  tobacco, 
the  lumber,  all  right  at  our  own  doors.  And  here,  too, 
are  the  railroads  which  will  carry  our  goods  to  the  great 
cities  of  the  North  and  West.  Let  us  then  build  mills 
and  factories  and  make  North  Carolina  as  great  a  state 
in  manufacturing  as  in  agriculture. 

Founders  of  Cotton  Mills.  The  most  important 
article  manufactured  in  North  Carolina  is  cotton. 
Among  the  men  who  founded  this  industry  in  the  State 
were  Michael  Schenck,  Joel  Battle,  Francis  Fries,  and 


280 


HISTORY   OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Edwin  M.  Holt.  Schenck  built  the  first  cotton  mill  in 
North  Carolina.  It  was  erected  in  1813  on  a  small 
stream  in  Lincoln  county.  Joel  Battle's  mill  was 
erected  seven  years  later  on  the  Tar  River,  in  Nash 
county,  near  Rocky  Mount.  Francis  Fries  was  one  of 
the  men  who  made  Salem  famous  as  a  manufacturing 


THE   OLD   ALAMANVE    MILL,    HTKLINGTON,   X.  ('. 

(This  mill  was  founded  by  Edwin  M.  Holt,  and  the  first  colored  cotton 
fabric  manufactured  in  the  South  was  woven  in  this  mill) 

center.  He  not  only  operated  cotton  mills,  but  in  1840 
he  erected  a  woollen  mill.  Perhaps  the  man  who  did 
more  to  develop  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods  in 
North  Carolina  than  any  other  was  Edwin  M.  Holt. 

Holt's  First  Mill.  --  Edwin  M.  Holt  was  born  on  a 
farm  in  Orange  county.  When  not  at  school,  he  worked 
on  his  father's  farm  or  in  his  shops.  In  these  planta- 
tion shops,  where  all  sorts  of  repair  work  was  done, 
young  Holt  learned  to  like  machinery  and  did  his  first 
manufacturing.  He  often  visited  a  cotton  mill  operated 


MAKKRS   OF    MODKKX    NORTH    CAROLINA 


281 


by  steam  at  Greensboro  and  became  greatly  interested 
in  its  work.  After  studying  it  carefully  he  decided  that 
it  should  be  better  and  cheaper  to  operate  such  mills 
by  water  than  by  steam.  He  determined  to  build  one 
on  (Jreat  Alamance  Creek 
which  ran  through  his 
father's  farm.  His  father 
thought  his  plan  would  cer- 
tainly fail  and  advised 
against  it.  But  young  Holt's 
mind  was  made  up,  and  in 
1S37  he  bought  the  machi- 
nery, erected  his  mill,  and 
started  it  to  work.  The  peo- 
ple in  that  section  watched 
the  experiment  with  great 
interest,  and  the  wise  ones 
shook  their  heads  sadly. 
Edwin  Holt, they  predicted, 
would  waste  his  time  and 
f 


EDWIN   M.   HOLT 


How  Holt   Succeeded.— 

But  Holt  was  determined 
not  to  fail.  He  worked  hard,  and  was  always  ready  to 
make  improvements.  One  day  in  1338  a  Frenchman 
came  to  the  mill,  who  offered  for  $100  and  his  board  to 
teach  Holt  how  to  color  cotton  yarn.  Holt  at  once 
accepted  the  offer,  bought  the  machinery,  and  erected 
the  dye-house.  This  was  the  first  dyeing  plant  in  the 
South. 

Holt's  experiment  proved  so  successful  that  he  trained 
all  of  his  sons  in  the  business.     After  his  death,  in  1884, 


282  HISTORY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

they  continued  to  operate  the  mills,  which  grew  steadily. 
When  the  Civil  War  began,  the  Holt  mills  operated  1200 
spindles  and  96  looms.  Since  the  war  the  number  of 
spindles  has  increased  to  more  than  1(30,000  and  the 
looms  to  more  than  6000. 

Growth  of  Cotton  Manufacturing.  —  Inspired  by 
Holt's  success,  other  progressive  men  followed  his  ex- 
ample. After  his  death  cotton,  woollen,  silk,  and  knit- 
ting mills  sprang  up  in  every  part  of  North  Carolina. 
By  1910  the  number  had  increased  to  more  than  four 
hundred,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  North  Caro- 
lina ranked  third  among  the  States.  Thousands  of 
people  left  their  farms  to  seek  work  in  the  mills,  and 
through  them  many  sleepy  little  villages  became  thriving 
towns,  while  around  the  mills  several  new  towns  have 
grown  into  importance. 

Manufacture  of  Tobacco.  —  Since  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's 
colonists  landed  on  Roanoke  Island  in  158.5  the  tobacco 
plant  has  played  an  important  part  in  the  history  of 
North  Carolina.  In  colonial  days,  as  you  have  already 
learned,  it  was  so  important  that  the  people  used  it  for 
money.  Ever  since  then  it  has  been  one  of  the  chief 
means  of  bringing  wealth  into  North  Carolina.  When 
the  Civil  War  began  in  1861  there  were  nearly  one 
hundred  tobacco  factories  in  North  Carolina,  but  they 
were  small  and  employed  less  than  two  thousand  per- 
sons. Most  of  these  factories  were1  on  the  farms  where 
the  tobacco  was  raised.  It  was  manufactured  by  hand 
and  sold  chiefly  to  the  people  of  the  surrounding  country. 
Since  the  war  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  tobacco  has 
become-  second  in  importance  only  to  the  manufacture 
and  sale  of  cotton.  I'pon  it  depend  the  growth  and 


MAKKRS   OK    MODKRX    NORTH    CAROLINA 


2X3 


prosperity  of  several  of  North  Carolina's  most  impor- 
tant towns  and  cities,  and  in  some  parts  of  the  State  it 
has  become  the  chief  crop. 

"Durham   Tobacco."        In    ISO")    General    Sherman's 
army,  after  receiving  the  surrender  of  General  .Johnston's 

army,  encamped  near  a 
railroad  crossing  in  Orange 
county,  called  Durham's 
Crossing.  The  soldiers 
liked  the  tobacco  which 
grew  in  that  section  and 


THK   PHKSKNT   DTKI;   TOBACCO 
FACTORY  AT   DURHAM 


WASHINGTON    DTKKS    FIRST 
TOHA<  co    FACTORY 

they  called  it  "  Durham 
tobacco."  When  they  re- 
turned to  their  homes  they 
carried  supplies  of  this  to- 
bacco with  them,  and  after 
it  had  given  out,  many  of 
them  wrote  back  for  more. 
In  this  way  they  spread  the 
use  of  "  Durham  tobacco  "  and  unconsciously  helped 
to  lay  the  foundation  of  one  of  the  greatest  manufac- 
turing interests  of  North  Carolina. 

The  little  town  of  Durham  soon  became  the  center  of 
the  tobacco  trade.  W.  T.  Blackwell,  Julian  S.  Carr, 
Washington  Duke,  and  others  built  factories  there  and 
by  their  energy  and  ability  soon  made  the  name  of 
"Durham  tobacco"  famous  Throughout  the  world. 


284  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

Durham  grew  rapidly  from  a  railroad  crossing  to  one 
of  our  most  modern  cities. 

"  Uppowoc  "  in  1586  and  To-day.  —  Of  course  many 
other  men  entered  into  the  manufacture  of  tobacco. 
They  soon  made  the  names  of  Winston,  Reidsville,  and 
other  towns  and  cities  famous  throughout  the  world 
for  their  tobacco  factories.  Tobacco  became  almost  as 
important  a  crop  as  cotton,  and  such  towns  as  Wilson, 
Kinston,  Greenville,  and  Rocky  Mount,  as  well  as 
Winston  and  Durham,  became  great  tobacco  markets. 
In  158G  Ralph  Lane  carried  the  first  "  uppowoc  "  from 
Roanoke  Island  to  England,  and  showed  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  how  to  smoke.  Three  hundred  years  later 
Washington  Duke  and  other  manufacturers  made  North 
Carolina  tobacco  famous  the  world  over.  During  all 
these  years  the  tobacco  plant  was  one  of  North  Caro- 
lina's chief  sources  of  wealth  and  prosperity. 

Railroads.  —  As  North  Carolina  has  no  large  rivers 
and  harbors,  most  of  her  commerce  must  be  carried  on 
by  railroads.  No  great  progress  could  have  been  made 
in  agriculture  and  manufacturing  unless  equal  progress 
had  been  made  in  the  building  of  railroads.  When  the 
war  came  to  a  close  there  were  less  than  nine  hundred 
miles  of  railroad  in  North  Carolina.  In  1910  there 
were  nearly  five  thousand  miles.  The  principal  sys- 
tems were  the  Seaboard  Air  Line,  the  Southern,  and  the 
Atlantic  Coast  Line.  In  the  development  of  these 
systems  Major  John  Cox  Winder,  Colonel  Alexander 
Boyd  Andrews,  and  Robert  Rufus  Hridgers  were  among 
the  leaders.  Major  Winder  and  Colonel  Andrews  were 
both  Confederate  soldiers,  and  Mr.  Bridgers  served  for 
four  years  in  the  Confederate  States  Congress. 


MAKKHS   OF   MODKRN    NORTH    CAROLINA         285 

Builders  of  Railroads.  -Major  John  (1.  Winder 
rendered  important  service  to  the  Confederate  States 
by  building  strong  fortifications  along  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina.  His  chief  work  was  Fort  Fisher,  on 
the  ('ape  Fear  river,  the  most  important  fort  in  the 
South.  This  fort  guarded  the  port  of  Wilmington  and 
protected  the  Advance  and  other  blockade-runners  sent 
out  by  (lovernor  Vance.  The  United  States  attempted 
to  destroy  Fort  Fisher,  but  Major  Winder  had  done  his, 
work  so  well  and  the  fort  was  so  bravely  defended  that 
it  held  out  longer  than  any  other  fort  in  the  Confederacy. 
Finally  in  1S()5,  after  the  most  terrific  bombardment  in 
our  history,  it  was  captured. 

After  the  war  Major  Winder  turned  his  attention  to 
the  building  of  railroads.  You  will  remember  how,  in 
1840,  the  Raleigh  and  (Jaston  Railroad  was  completed 
from  Raleigh  northward  to  Gaston.  In  18(51  a  rail- 
road, running  southward  from  Raleigh,  called  the  Raleigh 
and  Augusta  Air  Line,  was  begun.  Major  Winder's 
work  was  with  these  two  railroads.  He  improved  the 
track  and  the  road-bed,  put  on  better  trains,  added  new 
lines,  and  greatly  extended  the  system.  Afterwards 
these  roads  became  a  part  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line 
system,  which,  in  1910,  operated  3000  miles  of  road, 
about  600  of  which  were  in  North  Carolina. 

Colonel  A.  B.  Andrews  began  his  railroad  career  at 
seventeen  years  of  age.  At  twenty  he  gave  up  his 
work  to  enter  the  Confederate  army.  In  the  army  he 
fought  his  way  upward  from  a  private  to  the  rank  of 
captain.  During  the  war  the  railroad  bridge  over  the 
Roanoke  River  at  (laston  was  destroyed.  Passengers 
and  freight  had  to  be  carried  over  with  great  difficulty 


286 


HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 


and  danger  in  ordinary  flat-bottom  boats.  Colonel 
Andrews  suggested  a  plan  for  ferry-boats  which  the 
railroad  officials  adopted.  He  operated  the  ferry  while 
a  bridge  was  being  built,  and  was  so  successful  that  he 
was  afterwards  given  a  position  with  the  Raleigh  and 
Gaston  Railroad.  Later  he  helped  to  build  the  Raleigh 
and  Augusta  Air  Line.  When  the  Southern  Railway 
Company  was  formed  he  was  made  one  of  the  vice- 
presidents.  This  system  has  grown  so  rapidly  that  it  is 
now  the  largest  railway  system  in  the  South.  In  North 
Carolina  alone  it  operates  more  than  1200  miles  of 
railroad. 

The  work  of  Robert  R.  Bridgcrs  was  done  in  Eastern 
North  Carolina.  He  was  not,  like  Major  Winder  and 
Colonel  Andrews,  a  Confederate  sol- 
dier. But  he  served  in  the  Confederate 
Congress  from  1801  till  the  close  of 
the  war.  After  the  war  he  became 
president  of  the  Wilmington  and 
Weldon  Railroad  Company.  When 
the  Atlantic  Coast  Line  Railroad 
Company  was  formed  he  was  chosen 
its  president.  Under  his  direction  the 
system  was  extended  into  various 
sections  of  Eastern  North  Carolina, 
as  well  as  into  other  Southern  Slates.  When  he  became 
president  the  company  operated  less  than  300  miles  of 
railroad;  in  1910  it  owned  altogether  more  than  4/300 
miles,  and  operated  9/30  miles  in  North  Carolina  alone. 

The  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad.  Perhaps  the 
greatest  achievement  in  railroad  building  in  North 
Carolina  is  the  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad.  This 


It.  R.  BKIDGKKS 


MAKKRS   OF    MODKRX    XORT1I    CAROLINA          287 

road,  now  part  of  the  Southern  Hallway  system,  runs 
from  Salisbury  to  Asheville.  There  it  divides  into  two 
branches,  one  to  Murphy,  the  other  to  Paint  Rock,  on 
the  boundary  line  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 
It  was  begun  by  the  State  in  1X~)4  in  order  to  give  a 
railroad  to  the  people  of  the  mountains.  It  reached 
Asheville  in  1X79.  The  cost  of  building  the  road  over 
the  mountains  had  been  so  great  that  the  State  decided 
not  to  go  any  further  with  it.  It  was  turned  over  to  a 
company  of  wealthy  men  who  undertook  to  finish  it, 
but  they  failed,  and  the  people  of  the  mountains  were 
in  despair.  Finally,  through  the  work  of  Governor 
Thomas  J.  Jarvis,  Colonel  A.  B.  Andrews,  and  Major 
James  W.  Wilson,  work  was  begun  again,  all  difficulties 
were  mastered,  and  the  road  wras  completed  and  opened 
for  trains. 

The  building  of  this  railroad  was  the  greatest  piece 
of  engineering  work  ever  done  in  North  Carolina.  Its 
success  was  due  largely  to  the  skill  of  Major  James  W. 
Wilson,  the  chief  engineer.  Under  his  direction  rivers 
were  bridged,  mountains  were  tunneled,  deep  gorges 
were  filled  in.  The  track  crosses  the  Catawba,  the 
French  Broad,  the  Pigeon,  the  Little  Tennessee,  and 
the  Hiwassee  rivers.  It  spans  great  gorges.  It  climbs 
to  the  tops  of  mountains.  It  runs  through  dark  tunnels, 
one  of  which,  the  Swannanoa,  is  nearly  a  third  of  a  mile 
long. 

The  success  of  this  undertaking  has  made  Western 
North  Carolina  one  of  the  most  prosperous  parts  of  the 
State.  Thousands  of  people  go  there  every  year  for 
their  health,  or  to  escape  the  heat  of  summer.  Manu- 
facturing plants  have  been  established,  and  several 


288 


HISTORY  OF   NORTH  CAROLINA 


mountains  towns,  once  straggling  little  villages,  have 
become  famous  resorts.  Asheville  has  grown  into  one 
of  the  State's  largest  and  prettiest  cities. 

Educational  Leaders   Since   the   War.  —  Our  educa- 
tional development  has  kept  pace  with  our  industrial 


DAVIE   HALL,   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

development.  After  the  war  came  to  an  end  the  doors 
of  the  University  of  North  Carolina  and  of  the  public 
schools  were  closed.  But  as  soon  as  the  white  people 
of  the  State  had  regained  control  of  affairs  they  turned 
their  attention  again  to  their  schools  and  colleges.  The 
public  school  system  was  reestablished  and  the  doors 
of  the  University  were  again  opened  to  students. 

As  William  II.  Davie  founded  the  University  after 
the  Revolution,  so  Kemp  P.  Battle  saved  it  after  the 
Civil  War.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  University,  and 
for  a  few  years  before  the  war  was  a  member  of  its 
faculty.  Xo  son  of  the  University  loved  it  more  than 
he.  After  its  doors  were  closed  he  undertook  the 


MAKERS  OF  MODERN   XORTII   C'AROUXA         280 

difficult  task  of  having  them  reopened.  The  State  was 
then  very  poor,  hut  Dr.  Battle's  earnest  efToits  suc- 
ceeded in  raising  820, 000  for  his  purpose.  Then  he 
appealed  to  the  Legislature,  which  appropriated  87500 
a  year  to  the  University.  As  soon  as  it  became  certain 
that  the  doors  would  he  reopened  the  trustees  met  and 
elected  Dr.  Battle  president. 

In  September,  1875,  the  doors  were  thrown  open  to 
students.  Dr.  Battle  found  the  campus  grown  up  in 
weeds,  the  buildings  greatly  damaged,  the  libraries 
scattered,  and  the  recitation  rooms  empty.  But  these 
difficulties  did  not  daunt  him.  He  went  to  work  with 
great  energy  and  wisdom.  He  remained  at  the  head 
of  the  University  for  fifteen  years,  and  under  his  leader- 
ship it  regained  the  place  in  the  State  which  it  had  held 
in  the  days  of  President  Swain  before  the  Civil  War. 

At  the  University  were  educated  such  men  as  Charles 
B.  Aycock,  James  Y.  Joyner,  and  many  others  who, 
together  with  Sidney  M.  Finger  and  John  C.  Scar- 
borough, were  the  leaders  in  reestablishing  the  public 
school  system  of  the  State.  Mr.  Finger  and  Mr.  Scar- 
borough were  both  Confederate  soldiers.  After  the  war 
they  devoted  themselves  to  work  in  education,  and  each 
became  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  Their 
great  work  was  to  reorganize  the  public  schools,  and 
restore  them  to  the  confidence  of  the  people.  It  was 
under  their  direction  that  Charles  D.  Melver  and 
Edwin  A.  Alderman  made  their  famous  campaign  for 
education  which  you  have  already  read  about.  One 
of  the  most  important  results  of  the  work  of  these 
leaders  was  the  establishment  of  excellent  graded  school 
systems  in  the  leading  towns  and  cities  of  the  State. 


290 


HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 


In  1900  another  great  educational  campaign  for  the 
improvement  of  the  public  schools  was  started  in  North 
Carolina  in  which  the  leader  was  the  governor,  Charles 
B.  Aycock.  By  his  eloquent  speeches  in  all  parts  of  the 
State  and  by  his  efforts  to  increase  the  public  school  fund, 


A   MODERN*  CITY   Prune   SCHOOL  AT  ASHEVILLE 

he  won  the  title  of  the  "  Educational  Governor  of  Xorth 
Carolina."  In  1902  Governor  Aycock  appointed  James 
Y.  Joyner  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  From 
1902  to  1910,  under  Superintendent  Joyner's  direction, 
the  public  school  fund  increased  from  less  than  §1,500,000 
to  more  than  §3,500,000  annually.  During  the  same 
time  nearly  3500  school-houses  were  built  and  the  value 
of  public  school  property  increased  from  less  than 
§2,000,000  to  about  s(i, ()()(), ()()().  The  number  of  pupils 
increased  from  400,000  to  500,000,  and  the  school  term 


MAKERS   OK   MODKRN    NORTH    CAROLINA          291 

from  eighty  to  one  hundred  days  annually.  As  a  result 
of  these  changes  there  are  fewer  people  in  the  State  who 
cannot  read  and  write  than  ever  before. 

Temperance  Movement.  — As  (lovernor  Aycock  he- 
came  known  as  the  "  Educational  Governor  of  North 
Carolina,  "  so  (lovernor  Robert  B.  (llenn  became  known 
as  the  "  Prohibition  (lovernor."  Along  with  the  educa- 
tional movement  sprang  up,  soon  after  the  war,  a  demand 
that  the  sale  of  whisky  and  other  alcoholic  liquors  be 
forbidden  in  North  Carolina.  The  movement  at  first, 
grew  slowly.  As  the  years  passed,  a  town  here  and  a 
town  there,  and  sometimes  a  rural  community,  had  laws 
passed  forbidding  the  sale  of  such  liquors  in  its  territory, 
Then  the  advocates  of  prohibition  demanded  that  the 
sale  of  alcoholic  liquor  should  be  forbidden  throughout 
the  State.  In  1903  a  law  was  passed  forbidding  its 
sale  except  in  towns.  Two  years  later  another  law  was 
passed  forbidding  its  sale  except  in  towns  which  had 
as  many  as  one  thousand  people.  Finally  in.  1908  the 
General  Assembly  passed  a  law  which  required  that  the 
people  of  the  whole  State  should  vote  on  the  question 
whether  alcoholic  liquor  should  be  sold  at  all  in  the 
State. 

A  great  campaign  followed  for  prohibition.  Speakers 
went  into  all  sections  of  the  State  speaking  for  tem- 
perance as,  a  few  years  before,  they  had  done  for 
education.  As  Governor  Aycock  led  the  campaign 
for  education,  so  Governor  Glenn  led  the  prohibition 
campaign.  The  election  was  held  in  May,  1908,  and 
resulted  in  a  victory  for  prohibition.  Since  then  it  has 
been  unlawful  to  sell  or  manufacture  whisky  or  other 
alcoholic  liquors  in  North  Carolina. 


292  HISTORY    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA 

Forty  Years  of  Progress.  --  With  the  progress  of 
North  Carolina  in  agriculture,  manufacturing,  commerce, 
and  education,  has  gone  equal  progress  in  numerous 
other  ways. 

Since  the  close  of  the  war,  the  value  of  farming  land 
in  North  Carolina  has  trebled.  The  corn  crop  has 
become  three  times,  the  cotton  crop  five  times,  and  the 
tobacco  crop  more  than  ten  times,  as  large  as  they  were 
in  1870. 

Mills  and  factories  have  been  built  that  manufacture 
cotton,  tobacco,  furniture,  wagons,  carriages,  and  numer- 
ous other  articles.  Ten  times  as  many  persons  are 
employed  in  them,  and  fourteen  times  as  much  money 
used  in  their  work,  as  in  1865. 

In  every  part  of  the  State  miles  upon  miles  of  good 
roads  have  been  built.  Over  these  good  roads  hundreds 
of  rural  free  mail  delivery  routes  carry  daily  thousands 
of  letters,  papers,  and  magazines  to  the  people  of  all 
sections  of  the  State.  The  number  of  newspapers  has 
increased  from  64  to  more  than  300,  and  their  circula- 
tion from  about  70,000  to  1,250,000.  More  than  two 
thousand  rural  schools  have  good  libraries,  and  many  of 
our  towns  and  cities  have  erected  beautiful  public 
library  buildings,  containing  thousands  of  the  world's 
best  books,  which  are  free  to  all  the  people. 

In  no  way  has  more  progress  been  made  than  in  the 
growth  of  the  churches  of  the  State.  Since  the  war  the 
number  of  churches  has  increased  from  2,500,  to  8,500, 
and  the  value  of  church  buildings  from  $2, 000, 000  to 
$14,000,000. 

The  improvement  of  our  towns  and  cities  has  been 
marked.  Such  old  towns  as  Wilmington,  Charlotte, 


MAKKRS    OK    MODKRX    NORTH    CAROLINA        293 

Raleigh,  and  New  Born,  and  such  old  villages  as  Greens- 
boro, Asheville,  and  Winston-Sale m  have  grown  into 
busy  cities.  Several  new  towns  and  cities,  such  as 
(lastonia,  High  Point,  and  Durham,  have  sprung  up. 
The  population  of  the  State  has  increased  from  about 
1 ,()()(),()()()  to  more  than  2, 200, 000,  and  its  wealth  from 
8125,000,000  to  more  than  S()()0,(K)0,0()0. 

These  great  changes  are  the  results  of  much  toil, 
sacrifice,  and  suffering.  From  the  days  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  down  to  our  own  time,  thousands  of  brave  men 
and  women,  many  of  whom  have  been,  forgotten,  have 
worked  and  struggled  in  order  that  they  might  help  to 
make  North  Carolina  a  better  and  happier  place  for 
their  children.  If  the  boys  and  girls  who  read  this  book 
will  learn  to  love  the  Old  North  State  as  those  men  and 
women  loved  her,  they  too  will  some  day  enroll  their 
names  among  the  "  Makers  of  North  Carolina  History." 

GKOGRAPIIY  STUDY 

1.  What  is  the  chief  cotton  section  of  Xorth  Carolina?     Tobacco 
section?     Corn  section?     Trucking  .section? 

2.  In  what  sections  of  Xorth  Carolina  are  most  of  the  cotton  mills? 
Have  these  sections  any  natural  advantage  over  other  sections  for 
manufacturing? 

3.  Locate  Alamance  Creek,  Haw  River,  Graham,  Spray,  Gastonia. 

4.  Locate  the  towns  mentioned  in  the  lesson  as  being  centers  of  the 
tobacco  trade. 

fi.  Trace  the  main  lines  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  railroad.  The 
Southern.  The  Atlantic  Coast  Line.  Name  the  chief  towns  on  these 
line?. 

REVIEW 

1.  Describe  the  conditions  in  Xorth  Carolina  at  the  close  of  the 
war. 

2.  What  were  the  chief  features  of  the  soldiers'  new  task? 


294  HISTORY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA 

3.  What  effect  did  the  war  have  on  agriculture? 

4.  Give  an  account  of  the  work  of  L.  L.  Polk  in  the  development 
of  agriculture.     Of  Augustus  Leazar.     Of  Richard  Stanhope  Pullen. 
Of  the  presidents  of  the  State  A.  &  M.  College. 

5.  Describe  the  influence  of  these  agencies  on  agriculture. 

(i.  What  effect  did  the  war  have  on  manufacturing  in  North 
Carolina?  What  lessons  did  the  people  learn  from  this? 

7.  Give  an  account  of  the  founding  of  cotton  mills  in  North 
Carolina. 

X.  Who  was  Edwin  M.  Holt?  Give  an  account  of  his  first 
cotton  mill. 

0.   How  did  Holt  succeed? 

10.  Describe  the  progress  made  in  cotton  manufacturing. 

11.  In   what    way  has  the  tobacco  plant   been   important   in  our 
history? 

12.  How  did  ''  Durham  tobacco  "  become  famous? 

].'•>.  Tell  the  history  of  tobacco  in  North  Carolina  since  1/iSO. 

14.  How  many  miles  of  railroad  were  in  North  Carolina  in  lX6o? 
In  1910?      What  were  the  chief  systems  in  1910? 

lo.  Give  an  account  of  John  C.  Winder's  services  to  the  Con- 
federacy. Of  his  railroad  career. 

1().  Tell  the  story  of  A.  B.  Andrew's  railroad  career. 

17.  Describe  Robert  R.  Bridgers's  services  as  president  of  the 
Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad  and  the  Atlantic  Coast  Line. 

15.  Tell  the  story  of   the  building  of  the  Western   North  Carolina 
railroad.      What  effect  has  it  had  on  Western  North  Carolina? 

10.  What  effect  did  the  Civil  War  have  on  the  schools  and 
colleges  of  North  Carolina? 

20.  Tell  the  story  of  the  re-opening  of  the  University. 

21.  Give  an  account  of  the  leaders  in  the  reestablishmerrt   of  our 
public  school  system. 

22.  What   has  been  the  result  of  their  work. 

2.'5.    What   has  been  the  history  of    Prohibition  in  North    Carolina'.' 
24.    Describe   the   progress  made  in  North   Carolina  since  the  war. 


A  i'  r  KX  nix  i 

ORIGIN   OF   THE   NAMES   OF   THE   COUNTIES 
OF   NORTH    CAROLINA 

Alamance.  Formed  in  1S4!)  from  Orange.  The  name  of  the  county 
is  derived  from  Alamance  Creek,  on  the  banks  of  which  was  fought 
the  battle  between  (lovernor  Tryon  and  the  Regulators.  It  is 
the  name  of  an  Indian  tribe  which  dwelt  in  that  locality. 

Alexander.  Formed  in  1S47  from  Iredell,  Caldwell,  and  Wilkes. 
Named  in  honor  of  William  J.  Alexander  of  Mecklenburg  county, 
several  times  a  member  of  the  Legislature  and  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons. 

Alleghany.  Formed  in  1S,">9  from  Ashe.  Xanie  derived  from  an 
Indian  tribe  in  the  limits  of  North  Carolina. 

Anson.  Formed  in  174.9  from  Bladeil.  Named  in  honor  of  ( reorge, 
Lord  Anson,  a  celebrated  English  admiral  who  circumnavigated 
the  globe.  He  lived  for  awhile  on  the  Pcdee  in  South  Carolina. 
In  1761  he  was  given  the  honor  of  bringing  to  her  marriage  with 
King  (Jeorge  III,  Charlotte,  Princess  of  Mecklenburg,  for  whom 
Mecklenburg  county  was  named. 

Ashe.  Formed  in  1799  from  Wilkes.  Named  in  honor  of  Samuel 
Ashe  of  New  Hanover,  brother  of  Ceneral  John  Ashe.  Samuel 
Ashe  was  a  Revolutionary  patriot,  one  of  the  first  judges  of  the 
State,  and  afterwards  governor. 

Avery.  Formed  in  1911  from  Mitchell,  Watauga,  and  Caldwell. 
Named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Waightstill  Avery  "of  Revolutionary 
fame,"  Attorney-General  of  North  Carolina,  1777-1779. 

Beaufort.     Formed  in  1705  from  Bath.1     Named  in  honor  of  Henry, 

1  Bath  county  was  formed  in  16%  out  of  territory  bordering  on 
Pamlico  Sound  and  extending  southward  to  the  Cape  Fear  river.  It 
was  at  first  divided  into  "precincts,"  which  in  17.1S  became  "counties." 

295 


APPENDIX  I 

Duke  of  Beaufort,  who  in  172S  was  one  of  the  Lords  Proprietors 
of  Carolina.     lie  purchased  the  share  of  the  Duke  of  Albemarle. 

Bertie.  Formed  in  1722  from  Bath.  Named  in  honor  of  James  and 
Henry  Bertie,  Lords  Proprietors,  who  in  172s  owned  the  share  of 
Lord  ( 'larendon. 

Bladen.  Formed  in  17o4  from  Bath.  Named  in  honor  of  Martin 
Bladen,  one  of  the  members  of  the  hoard  of  1  rade  which  had  charge 
of  colonial  affairs. 

Brunswick.  Formed  in  1 7G4  from  Xew Hanover  and  Bladen.  Named 
in  honor  of  the  famous  House  of  Brunswick,  of  which  the  four 
(ieorges.  Kings  of  England,  were  members.  It  was  named  at  the 
time  of  the  marriage  of  Princess  Augusta,  daughter  of  King 
Oeorge  I!,  to  Frederick  William,  Duke  of  Brunswick. 

Buncombe.  Formed  in  1701  from  Burke  and  Rutherford.  Named 
in  honor  of  Colonel  Fdward  Buncombe,  a  Revolutionary  soldier 
who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  ( iermantown,  near  Philadelphia. 
Colonel  Buncombe  lived  in  Tyrrell  county.  He  was  noted  for 
his  hospitality.  Over  the  door  of  his  house  were  these  lines, 
"  To  Buncombe  I lall, 

Welcome  All." 

Burke.  Formed  in  1777  from  Rowan.  Named  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Burke,  member  of  the  Continental  Congress  and  'gov- 
ernor of  Noil  h  ( 'arolina. 

Cabarrus.  Formed  in  17!*2  from  Mecklenburg.  Named  in  honor  of 
Stephen  Cabarrus,  of  Fdenion.  several  times  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  and  often  speaker  ot  the  House  ot  Commons. 

Caldwell.  Formed  in  is  11  from  Burke  and  \Vilkes.  Named  in 
honor  ot  Joseph  Caldwell,  the  first. president  ot  the  I  mver.-ity 
of  North  ('arolina.  He  was  one  of  the  first  and  strongest  advo- 
cates of  the  public  school  system  and  of  the  railroad  through  the 
center  of  the  .-late  from  Morehead  (  'ity  to  Tennessee. 

Camden.  Formed  in  1777  from  Pasquotank.  Named  in  honor  of 
1  lie  learned  Englishman,  Charles  Prat  t .  Farl  of  Camden.  who  was 
one  of  the  strongest  friends  of  the  Americans  in  the  British  Par- 
liament, lie  took  their  side  in  the  dispute  over  taxation  with- 
out represent  at  ion. 

Carteret.  Formed  in  1722  from  Bath.  Named  in  honor  of  Sir  John 
('arteret,  afterwards  Earl  (  iranville,  one  of  the  Lords  Propriet  rs. 


When  the  other  l.onls  Proprietors  sold  their  shares  to  the  kin1.1  in 
I7'_'\  (  'urteret  refused  to  sell,  ;uid  ;tn  iininen-e  tract  of  land  in 
North  ( 'arolina  was  laid  oft'  as  his  >hare  in  1711.  It  was  called 
the  (! ran ville  District  and  was  t  he  cause  of  a  «;reat  deal  of  t  rouble. 
He  lost  it  when  the  Revolution  freed  North  ('arolina  from  Briti-h 
rule. 

Caswell.  Formed  in  1777  from  Orange  and  named  in  honor  of  Richard 
('aswell.  (See  Biography  of  ('a>\vell,  |).  10.").) 

Catawba.  Lormed  in  1M'_'  from  Lincoln.  Named  after  a  trilie  of 
Indian-  which  dwelt  in  thai  section  of  the  State. 

Chatham.  Formed  in  1770  Irom  ( trance.  Named  m  honor  of  the 
great  Englishman  who  won  for  Finland  all  of  Lrench  America 
and  was  the  mo.-t  elo(|iient  defender  of  the  American  cause  in  the 
British  Parliament  during  the  Revolution  William  Pitt,  Karl 
of  (  'hat  ham. 

Cherokee.  Formed  in  !>>.'•>!>  from  Macoti.  Named  after  an  Indian 
trilie  which  -till  dwell-  in  that  section  of  the  State. 

Chowan.  Formed  in  1(»7'J  from  Albeinurlc.1  Named  for  an  Indian 
trilie  dwelling  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State  when  the 
Knglish  first  came  to  North  ('ai'olina. 

Clay.  Formed  in  lsC>!  from  Cherokee.  Named  in  honor  of  the  great 
orator  and  statesman.  Henry  ('lay. 

Cleveland.  Formed  in  1*41  from  Rutherford  and  Lincoln.  Named 
in  honor  of  ( 'olonel  Benjamin  Cleveland.  (See  Biography  of 
Cleveland,  p.  I'JO.) 

Columbus.  Formed  in  ls()s  from  Bladen  and  Brunswick.  Named  in 
honor  of  the  Discoverer  of  the  New  World. 

Craven.  Formed  in  171'J  from  Bath.  Named  in  honor  of  William. 
Lord  Craven,  one  of  the  Lords  Proprietors  of  ('arolina. 

Cumberland.  Formed  in  17.">4  from  Bladen.  Named  in  honor  of 
William  Augustus,  Duke  of  Cumberland,  second  son  of  King 
(leorge  II.  Cumberland  was  the  commander  of  the  Ftmli.-h 
army  at  the  battle  of  Culloden.  in  which  the  Scotch  Highlanders 
were  so  badly  defeated.  Many  of  them  came  to  America,  and 

1  Albenmrle  county  was  the  first  county  in  North  ('arolina.  li  \\as 
divided  into  "precincts."  which  in  17MS  became  "counties."  and  "Albe- 
marle  county"  disappeared  from  the  map.  For  a  loni:  time  the 
governors  of  North  Carolina  were  -'ailed  '  tiovernors  of  Alhcmarle." 


298  APPENDIX  1 

their  principal  settlement  was  at  Cross  Creek  in  Cumberland 
county. 

Currituck.  Formed  in  1672  from  Albemarle.  Named  after  an  Indian 
tribe. 

Dare.  Formed  in  1870  from  Currituck,  Tyrrell,  and  Hyde.  Named 
in  honor  of  Virginia  Dare,  the  first  English  child  born  in  America. 

Davidson.  Formed  in  1822  from  Rowan.  Named  in  honor  of  General 
William  L.  Davidson,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution  who  was  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Cowan's  Ford.  When  General  Greene  retreated 
across  North  Carolina  before  Cormvallis  in  1781,  he  stationed 
some  troops  under  General  Davidson  at  Cowan's  Ford  over  the 
Catawba  river  to  delay  the  British  army.  The  British  attacked 
the  Americans,  killed  General  Davidson,  and  forced  the  passage. 
The  United  States  has  erected  a  monument  in  his  honor  on  Guil- 
ford  battle-ground. 

Davie.  Formed  in  1836  from  Rowan.  Named  in  honor  of  William 
R.  Davie.  (See  Biography  of  Davie,  p.  132.) 

Duplin.  Formed  in  1749  from  New  Hanover.  Named  in  honor  of 
George  Henry,  Lord  Duplin,  an  English  nobleman. 

Durham.  Formed  in  1881  from  Orange  and  Wake.  Named  after 
the  town  of  Durham,  a  thriving  manufacturing  city. 

Edgecombe.  Formed  in  1732  from  Bath.  Named  in  honor  of  Sir 
Richard,  Baron  Edge-combe,  an  English  nobleman,  and  a  lord  of 
the  treasury. 

Forsyth.  Formed  in  1849  from  Stokes.  Named  in  honor  of  Captain 
Benjamin  Forsyth,  of  Stokes  county,  who  in  the  War  of  1812 
raised  a  company  of  riflemen  and  marched  to  Canada,  where  he 
was  killed  in  battle. 

Franklin.  Formed  in  1779  from  Bute.  (See  p.  146.)  Named  in 
honor  of  the  great  philosopher  and  statesman,  Benjamin  Franklin. 

Gaston.  Formed  in  1846  from  Lincoln.  Named  in  honor  of  Judge 
William  Gaston.  (See  Biography  of  Gaston,  p.  170.) 

Gates.  Formed  in  1779  from  Hertford.  Named  in  honor  of  General 
Horatio  Gates,  who  commanded  the  American  army  at  the  battle 
of  Saratoga.  At  this  battle  an  entire  British  ;inny  was  captured, 
but  General  Gates  contributed  nothing  to  that  success.  It  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  important  battles  in  the  history  of 
the  world. 


APPKNIHX    I  2(.)<) 

Graham.  Formed  in  IS~2  from  Cherokee.  Named  in  honor  of 
Governor  William  A.  (iraliam.  (See  Biography  of  Graham, 
p.  ML'.) 

Granville.  Formed  in  174(1  from  Edgeeombe,  Named  in  honor  of 
Carteret,  Karl  Granville,  who  owned  the  Grunville  District.  He 
was  Prime  Minister  under  King  George  II,  and  a  very  brilliant 
num. 

Greene.  Formed  in  170!)  from  Glasgow1  and  Craven.  Named  in 
honor  of  General  Nathaniel  Greene,  Washington's  "right-hand 
man."  Next  to  Washington,  General  Greene  is  regarded  as  the 
greatest  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  He  fought  the  battle  of  Guil- 
ford  Court  House  and  saved  North  Carolina  from  the  British. 

Guilford.  Formed  in  1770  from  Rowan  and  Orange.  Named  in 
honor  of  Francis,  Karl  of  Guilford,  an  English  nobleman.  He  was 
the  father  of  Lord  North,  who  was  Prime  Minister  under  King 
George  III.  during  the  Revolution.  Lord  North  afterwards 
became  Karl  of  Guilford. 

Halifax.  Formed  in  17oS  from  Edgecombe.  Named  in  honor  of 
George,  Earl  of  Halifax,  president  of  the  board  of  trade,  which 
had  control  of  the  colonies  before  the  Revolution. 

Harnett.  Formed  in  lSo">  from  Cumberland.  Named  in  honor  of 
Cornelius  Harnett.  (See  Biography  of  Harnett,  p.  7(5.) 

Haywood.  Formed  in  1SOS  from  Buncombe'.  Named  in  honor  of 
John  Haywood,  who  for  forty  years  was  the  popular  treasurer 
of  the  State. 

Henderson.  Formed  in  1S3S  from  Buncombe.  Named  in  honor  of 
Leonard  Henderson,  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North 
Carolina,  and  his  brother,  Archibald  Henderson,  a  member  of 
Congress  and  a  very  able  lawyer. 

Hertford.  Formed  in  1759  from  Chowan,  Bertie,  and  Northampton. 
Named  in  honor  of  Francis  Seymour  Conway,  Karl  of  Hertford, 
an  Knglish  nobleman.  He  was  a  brother  of  General  Conway.  a 
distinguished  British  soldier  and  member  of  Parliament,  who 

'Glasgow  county  was  named  in  honor  of  James  Glasgow,  the  first 
secretary  of  state  after  177<>.  He  had  been  a  prominent  patriot  during 
the  Revolution,  and  while  secretary  of  state  was  convicted  of  fraud  in 
issuing  land  grants  in  Tennessee,  and  his  name  was  expunged  from  the 
map. 


300  APPFXDJX    [ 

favored  the  repeal  (if  the  Slump  Act.  The  word  Hertford  is  suid 
to  mean  "  Red  Ford." 

Hoke.  Formed  in  1!)11  from  Cumberland  and  Robcson.  Named 
in  honor  of  Robert  F.  Iloke,  of  North  Carolina.  Major-Oeneral 
in  the  Confederate  States  Army. 

Hyde.  Formed  in  1705  from  Bath.  Called  Wickham  until  about 
1712.  Named  Hyde  in  honor  of  Fdwurd  Hyde,  Karl  of 
Clarendon,  one  of  the  Lords  Proprietors. 

Iredell.  Formed  in  17NS  from  Rowan.  Named  in  honor  of  James 
Iredell,  of  Fdenton.  James  Iredell  was  one  of  the  foremost 
lawyers  of  the  State.  In  17.SS  and  17S9  he  was  one  of  the 
leaders  in  the  State  in  advocating  the  adoption  of  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  I'nited  States.  His  speeches  in  the  Convention 
of  17SS  at  Hillsboro  were  among  the  ablest  delivered  by 
any  of  the  advocates  of  the  Constitution.  Washington  ap- 
pointed him  in  17!>0  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
Tinted  States. 

Jackson.  Formed  in  iNol  from  Hay  wood  and  Mucon.  Named 
in  honor  of  Andrew  Jackson,  who  was  born  in  Mecklenburg 
county  (the  site  of  his  birthplace  is  now  in  Union),  won  the 
brilliant  victory  over  the  Hritish  at  New  Orleans,  in  isif), 
and  was  twice  elected  President  of  the  I'nited  States. 

Johnston.  Formed  in  174li  from  Craven.  Afterwards  pails  of 
Duplin  and  Orange  were  added.  Named  in  honor  of  Ciubriel 
Johnston,  governor  of  North  Carolina  from  1  7o  1  to  17.12. 

Jones.  Formed  in  1770  from  ('raven.  Named  in  honor  of  Willie 
Jones,  of  Halifax.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  patriots  of  the 
Revolution,  was  president  of  the  Council  of  Safety,  and  was 
opposed  to  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the  I'nited 
States.  It  was  due  to  his  influence  thai  ihe  Convention  of 
1  7SS  rejected  it . 

Lee.  Formed  in  l'.K)7  from  ('hat  ham  and  Moore.  Named  in 
honor  of  Robert  F.  I.ee,  the  Confederate  (leneral. 

Lenoir.      Formed   in    171M    from    I  )obbs '   and   Craven.      Named   in 

1  I  )obhs  county  was  named  in  honor  of  Arthur  I)ol>l>s,  one  of  the 
royal  governors  of  North  Carolina.  In  17'.U  the  county  was  divided 
into  I.enoir  and  '  Ilasgow.  and  the  name  of  Dobhs  u  as  erased  from  the 
map. 


honor  of  (ienerill  \\illiain  Lemur,  one  of  the  heroes  of  Kind's 
Mountain. 

Lincoln.  Formed  in  177'.)  from  Tryoii.1  Xameil  in  honor  of 
(ieneral  Benjamin  Lincoln,  a  distinguished  general  of  1  he 
[{evolution,  whom  Washington  appointed  to  receive  the  s\vord 
of  Lord  Cornwallis -at  the  surrender  at  Yorktown. 

Macon.  Formed  in  LvJs  from  I  laywood.  Named  in  honor  of 
Nathaniel  Macon.  (See  Biography  of  Macon,  p.  111).) 

Madison.  Formed  in  IXftl  from  Buncombe  and  Yancey.  Named 
in  honor  of  James  Madison,  fourth  President  of  the  Tinted 
States. 

Martin.  Formed  in  1771  from  Halifax  and  Tyrrell.  Named  in 
honor  of  .losiah  Martin,  the  last  royal  governor  of  North 
Carolina.  It  is  probable  that  this  name  would  have  been 
changed  like  that  of  Dobbs  and  Tryoii  but  for  the  popularity  of 
Alexander  Martin,  \vho  was  governor  in  17S2  and  again  in 
17(.M>. 

McDowell.  Formed  in  IM'-'from  Rutherford  and  P>urke.  Named 
in  honor  of  Colonel  Joseph  McDowell  an  active  officer  of  the 
Revolut  ion. 

Mecklenburg.  Formed  in  I7ti'_)  from  Anson.  Named  in  honor 
of  Princess  Charlotte  of  Mecklenburg,  Queen  of  (Jeorge  III, 
King  of  Mngland.  The  county  seat,  ( 'harlot  te,  one  of  the 
prettiest  cities  in  the  Stale,  was  also  named  in  her  honor. 
Mecklenburg  county  was  the  scene  of  some1  of  the  moM, 
stirring  events  of  the  Revolution. 

Mitchell.  Formed  in  lS(il  from  Yaneey,  AVatauga,  Caldwell, 
Burke,  and  McDowell.  Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Flisha 
Mitchell,  a  professor  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina. 
\Yhile  on  an  exploring  expedition  on  Mt.  Mitchell,  the  highest 
peak  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  which  was  named  in  his 
honor,  Dr.  Mitchell  fell  from  a  high  peak  and  was  killed. 
His  body  is  buried  on  the  top  of  this  lofty  mountain. 

Montgomery.  Formed  in  177!)  from  Anson.  Named  in  honor  of 
tin1  brave  (leneral  Richard  Montgomery,  who  lost  his  life  at 
the  battle  of  Quebec  in  177")  while  trying  to  conquer  Canada. 

1  Named  for  Governor  William  Tryon,  who  defeated  the  Regulators. 
Afterwards  abolished. 


302  APPENDIX  I 

Moore.  Formed  in  17S4  from  Cumberland.  Named  in  honor  of 
Captain  Alfred  Moore,  of  Brunswick,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  afterwards  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States. 

Nash.  Formed  in  1777  from  Edgccombe.  Named  in  honor  of 
General  Francis  Nash,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  who  was 
killed  while  fighting  under  Washington  at  Germantown.  The 
United  States  has  erected  a  monument  in  his  honor  at  the 
Guilford  battle-ground  near  Greensboro. 

New  Hanover.  Formed  in  1729  from  Bath.  Named  after  Han- 
over, a  country  in  Europe  whose  ruler  became  King  of  England 
with  the  title  of  George  I. 

Northampton.  Formed  in  1741  from  Bertie.  Named  in  honor 
of  George,  Earl  of  Northampton,  an  English  nobleman.  His 
son,  Spencer  Compton,  Earl  of  Wilmington,  was  high  in 
office  when  Gabriel  Johnston  was  governor  of  North  Carolina 
who  had  the  town  of  Wilmington  named  in  his  honor. 

Onslow.  Formed  in  1734  from  Bath.  Named  in  honor  of  Arthur 
Onslow,  for  more  than  thirty  years  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  in  the  British  Parliament. 

Orange.  Formed  in  1752  from  Granville,  Johnston,  and  Bladen. 
Named  in  honor  of  William  of  Orange,  who  became  King 
William  III  of  England.  lie  was  one1  of  the  greatest  of  the 
kings  of  England  and  saved  the  English  people  from  the 
tyranny  of  James  II  His  name  is  held  in  honor  wherever 
English  liberty  is  enjoyed. 

Pamlico.  Formed  in  1872  from  Craven  and  Beaufort.  Named 
after  the  sound  of  the  same  name,  which  was  the  name  of  a 
tribe  of  Indians  in  eastern  North  Carolina. 

Pasquotank.  Formed  in  1072  from  Albemarle.  Named  for  a 
tribe  of  Indians  in  eastern  Carolina. 

Fender.  Formed  in  lS7/>  from  New  Hanover.  Named  in  honor 
of  General  William  I).  Pender,  of  Edgecombe  county,  a 
brave  Confederate  soldier  who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg.  The  last  order  ever  given  by  the  famous  ''  Stone- 
wall "  Jackson  on  the  battle-field  was  given  to  General  Pender: 
"  You  must  hold  your  ground,  General  Pender,  you  must  hold 


APPENDIX    I  303 

your  ground,"  lie  cried  ;is  he  \v;is  curried  off  the  field  to  die. 
C.eneral  Fender  held  his  ground. 

Perquimans.  Formed  in  l(>7'2  from  Albemarle.  Named  after  a 
tribe  of  Indians. 

Person.  Formed  in  17!)1  from  Caswell.  Named  in  honor  of 
(ieneral  Thomas  Person,  Revolutionary  patriot,  member  of 
the  Council  of  Safety,  and  trustee  of  the  I'niversity.  He  gave 
a  large  sum  of  money  to  the  University,  and  a  building  was 
erected  in  his  honor  called  Person  Hall. 

Pitt.  Formed  in  17(10  from  Beaufort.  Named  in  honor  of  Wil- 
liam Pitt,  (See  Chatham.) 

Polk.  Formed  in  ISoo  from  Rutherford  and  Henderson.  Named 
in  honor  of  Colonel  William  Polk,  "  who  rendered  distinguished 
services  in  the  battles  of  (iermantown,  Brandywine,  and 
Kutaw,  in  all  of  which  he  was  wounded." 

Randolph.  Formed  in  1770  from  (luilford.  Named  in  honor  of 
Peyton  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  the  president  of  the  first  Con- 
tinental Congress. 

Richmond.  Formed  in  177!)  from  Anson.  Named  in  honor  of 
Charles  Lennox,  Duke  of  Richmond,  principal  secretary  of 
state  in  William  Pitt's  second  administration.  He  was  a 
strong  friend  of  the  American  colonies  and  made  the  motion 
in  the  House  of  Lords  that  they  be  granted  their  independence. 

Robeson.  Formed  in  178(>  from  Bladen.  Named  in  honor  of 
Colonel  Thomas  Robeson,  a  .soldier  of  the  Revolution.  He 
was  one  of  the  leaders  at  the  battle  of  Elizabethtown,  which 
was  fought  in  September,  17S1.  By  this  battle  the  Tories 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  were  crushed  forever. 
The  commander  of  the  Whigs  was  Colonel  Thomas  Brown. 

Rockingham.  Formed  in  17S">  from  (luilford.  Named  in  honor 
of  Charles  Wentworth,  Marquis  of  Rockingham,  who  was 
the  leader  of  the  party  in  the  British  Parliament  that  advo- 
cated American  independence.  lie  was  Prime  Minister  when 
the  Stamp  Act  was  repealed. 

Rowan.  Formed  in  1753  from  Anson.  Named  in  honor  of 
Matthew  Rowan,  a  prominent  leader  before  the  Revolution, 
and  for  a  short  time  after  the  death  of  (lovernor  (iabriel 
Johnston,  acting  governor. 


304  APPKNDIN   I 

Rutherford.  Formed  in  177!)  from  Tryon  and  Burke.  Named  in 
honor  of  General. Griffith  Rutherford,  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent of  the  Revolutionary  patriots.  He  led  the  expedition 
that  crushed  the  Cherokee's  in  1770,  and  rendered  other  im- 
portant services  both  in  the  Legislature  and  on  the  battle-field. 
Sampson.  Formed  in  1TS4  from  Duplin  and  New  Hanover. 
Named  in  honor  of  Colonel  John  Sampson,  who  was  a  member 
of  Governor  Martin's  Council. 

Scotland.  Formed  in  IS!)!)  from  Richmond.  Named  after  the 
country  of  Scotland,  the  northern  part  of  the  island  of  Great 
Britain.  Most  of  the  people  of  this  county  are  descendants 
of  Scotch  Highlanders. 

Stanly.  Formed  in  1X41  from  Montgomery.  Named  in  honor 
of  John  Stanly,  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  Legislature, 
and  several  times  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
Stokes.  Formed  in  ITS'.)  from  Surry.  Named  in  honor  of  Colonel 
John  Stokes,  a  brave  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  who  was 
desperately  wounded  at  the  Waxhaw  massacre,  when  Colonel 
Buford's  regiment  was  cut  to  pieces  by  Tarleton.  After  the 
war  Washington  appointed  him  a  judge  of  the  Tinted  States 
Court  in  North  Carolina. 

Surry.  Formed  in  1771  from  Rowan.  Named  in  honor  of  Lord 
Surrey,  a  prominent  member  of  Parliament  who  opposed  the 
taxation  of  the  American  colonies  by  Parliament. 
Swain.  Formed  in  1S71  from  Jackson  and  Macon.  Named  in 
honor  of  David  L.  Swain,  governor  of  North  Carolina  and 
president  of  the  Tniversity. 

Transylvania.  Formed  in  1X01  from  Henderson  and  Jackson. 
The  name  is  derived  from  two  Latin  words,  "  trans,"  across, 
"  sylva,"  woods. 

Tyrrell.  Formed  in  172!)  from  Albemarle.  Named  in  honor  of 
Sir  John  Tyrrell,  who  at  one  time  was  one  of  the  Lords  Pro- 
priel  ors. 

Union.      Formed  in   1X12  from  Anson  and  Mecklenburg. 
Vance.      Formed   in    ixxi    from   Granville.    Warren,   and    Franklin. 
Named     in     honor    of    Zebiilon     B.     \ance,    "  the    Great     \\  ar 
Governor."      (See  Biography  of  Vance,  p.  222.) 
Wake.      Formed  in  1770  from  Johnston,  Cumberland,  and  Orange. 


Named  in  honor  ol  (  Jovernor  Tryon's  wife,  whose  maiden 
name  WMS  \\ake.  Some  his!  ori;i  us  s;i\r  that  1  he  count v  wa> 
named  for  "  Kst  her  \\';ike,  the  popular  sister  of  Tryon's 
\vite,"  but  th<'re  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  ariv  such  persoii 
ever  existed.  She  is  purely  a.  creature  of  the  imagination. 

Warren.  Formed  m  177!'  Irom  Hute  and  (Jranville.  Named  in 
lionor  of  (ieneral  .Joseph  Wanvn,  a  brave  Massachusetts 
soldier  who  fell  while  lighting  at  the  battle  of  Hunker  Hill. 

Washington.  Formed  in  17'.l'.»  from  Tyrrell.  Named  in  honor  of 
<  leorge  Washing!  on. 

Watauga.  Formed  in  |St<)  from  Ashe,  Wilkes,  Caldwell.  and 
Yancey.  Named  after  an  Indian  tribe. 

Wayne.  Formed  in  177'.!  from  Dobbs  and  ('raven.  Named  in 
honor  of  (Heneral  Anthony  Wayne,  one  of  Washington's  most 
trusted  soldiers.  His  courage  was  so  great  as  to  amount 
almost  to  rashness,  and  his  soldiers  called  him  "  Mad  Anthony 
Wayne." 

Wilkes.  Formed  in  1777  from  Surry  and  Hurke.  Named  in 
honor  of  John  Wilkes.  Wilkes  was  a  violent  opponent  of 
the  Tory  party  in  Kngland,  who  would  not  let  him  take  his 
seat  in  Parliament  to  which  he  had  been  elected.  The  Ameri- 
cans imagined  he  was  suffering  in  the  cause  of  liberty  and 
named  the  county  in  his  honor. 

Wilson.  Formed  in  ISo.")  from  Kdgecombe,  Nash,  Johnston,  and 
Wayne.  Named  in  honor  of  Louis  I).  Wilson,  many  times  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  from  I'ldgcombe  county,  a  soldier 
of  the  Mexican  War.  and  the  benefactor  of  the  poor  of  his 
native  county. 

Yadkin.  Formed  in  1X,~>0  from  Surry.  Name  derived  from  the 
name  of  the  Yadkin  river  which  runs  through  it.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  be  an  Indian  name. 

Yancey.  Formed  in  IS.'].'!  from  Hurke  and  Huncomhe.  Named  in 
honor  of  Hartlett  Yancey,  an  eloquent  orator,  many  times  a 
member  of  the  Legislature,  speaker  of  the  State  Senate,  and  a 
member  of  Congress.  lie  \vas  one  of  the  earliest  advocates 
of  the  public  school  system  of  North  Carolina. 


A  I)I)ENM)1X    I  I 

CHIEF   EXECUTIVES   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA 
Governors  of  Colonial  North  Carolina 


Apri 

1  1585 

—  Juno 

1  5,8(5 

Governors   of    "  Virginia 

Ralph    Lane1                                        \nnrtintod    hv    \Y'iltor   "RfilnicrVi 

Apri 

1  1587 

—  Aug. 

1587    .  .  . 

.John  White  -  

.  Appointed  by  Walter  Raleigh 

G 

overnors 

,   Deputii 

s,   and   Presidents  of  the  C 

'ouncil  under  the  Proprietors 

Oct. 

1063 

—  Oct. 

1(507    .  .  . 

.William  Drumtnond  3    .. 

.Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

Oct. 

1667 

—  Dec. 

1009    .  .  . 

.Samuel  Stephens      

.Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

Oct. 

1670 

—  May 

1073    .  .  . 

.  Peter  Carteret   

.Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

Ma\ 

•   1673 

—  Xov. 

1(570    .  .  . 

.John  Jenkins  

.  President  of  Council 

Xov 

.  1676 

—  Xov. 

1078    .  .  . 

.  Thomas  Eastchurch  '     .  . 

Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

1677 

— 

.Thomas  Miller*    

East  church's  Deputy 

1677 



1078    .  .  . 

.John  Culpepper  *  

Elected  by  Rebels 

Feb. 

167.S 
1679 

— 

1079 

.  Scth  Sothel  5    

.Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

Xov 

.  1679 

Aug. 

1GM    .  .  . 

.  John  Jenkins  

President  of  Council 

1682 

— 

1(589    .  .  . 

.Seth  Sothel1   

.Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

Dec. 

1689 

— 

1091     .  .  . 

.Philip  Ludwell     .  .  . 

Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

1091 

— 

1(594    .  .  . 

.  Philip  Ludwell    

.Governor  of  all  Carolina 

1091 

— 

1094    .  .  . 

.  Thomas  Jarvis    

Ludwell's  Deputy 

1094 

— 

109(5    .  .  . 

.John  Archdulc     

.Governor  of  all  C'arolina 

1094 



1099    .  .  . 

.John  Harvey  . 

Deput  v-(  Jovernor 

1099 

— 

1704    .  .  . 

.Henderson  Walker   

President  of  Council 

1704 

— 

1705    .  .  . 

.Robert  Daniel  

Deputy-Governor 

1705 

— 

1700    .  .  . 

.Thomas  C'ary  fl   

Deputy-Governor 

1700 

—  Aug. 

1708    .  .  . 

.William  Clover7  

President  of  Council 

1708 

—  Jan. 

1711    ... 

.  Thomas  Cary  '    

President  of  Council 

Jan. 

1711 

—  Sept. 

1712    .  .  . 

.Edward  Hyde7  

Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

Sept 

.  1712 

—  May 

1714    ... 

Thomas  Pollock  7   

President  of  the  Council 

May 

1714 

-  Mar. 

1722    .  . 

.Charles  Eden     

Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

May 

1722 

—  Aug. 

1722    .  .  . 

.Thomas  Pollock8    

President   of  Council 

Sept 

.  1722 



1724    .  .  . 

William  Reed 

President  of  Council 

1721 

—  July 

1725    .  .  . 

George  Rurrington  

Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

July 

1725 

—  May 

1728    .  .  . 

.Richard  Everard       

Appointed  by  the  Proprietors 

, 

See  p. 

5.           '-  .* 

'ee  p.  7. 

3  See  p.   17.           •'  Sec  pp. 

19-22.               b  Sec  p.  23. 

6 

See  p. 

41. 

7  vSee  p.  34. 

8  See  p.  36. 

.300 


Governors   under   the   Cr 

Kichard  Kverard    

.  .( leor^e  Burrinnton   .  .  . 

( labriel  Johnston 

.     Matthew   Kowan     

.  .Arthur  Dobbs   .  . 

.  .William  Tryon    

.  .  .James  Ilasell 

.  .  .Josiah  Martin      . 

Presidents  of  the  Council  under  the  Revolutionary  Government 

Oct.    IS,   1775   -- AUK.  21,   177IJ Cornelius  Harnett  ..  ...New  Ham 

AUK.   -'1,  177(i    -Sept.  27,  177ti Samuel  Ashe New  Han. 

Sept.  27,   177(1  —  Oct.     25,   177(1..  .  .  Willie  Jones  ..  .     Halifax 


Governors  of  North  Carolina  Since  Independence 

El,rtt,l  l,j  tin-   Lmixhititr,-- 

Dee. 

19, 

177(1  — 

April 

17so  . 

Kichard  Caswell   

.  .  .  Lenoir 

April 

17SO    - 

June 

2.5, 

17S1  . 

Aimer  Nash  

.  .  .  Craven 

June 

25, 

17S1  — 

April 

22, 

17S2  . 

Thomas  Burke  

.  .  ,()ran«e 

April 

.'_'. 

17S2     - 

Nov. 

8, 

17S4  . 

Alexander  .Martin     

.  .  .Guilford 

Nov. 

((, 

17s  I    - 

Dec. 

13. 

17S7  . 

Richard  Caswell   

.  .  .  Lenoir 

Dec. 

13, 

17S7  — 

Dec. 

5, 

17S1)  . 

Samuel  Johnston    

.  .  .  Chowan 

Dec. 

o, 

17S'.)  — 

Dec. 

1  1 

17H2  . 

Alexander  Martin     

.  .  .Guilford 

Dec. 

11, 

17'.»2  — 

Nov. 

14, 

170.-,  . 

Kichard  Dohhs  Spai^ht     .  .  .  . 

.  .  .Craven 

Nov. 

14, 

17H5  — 

Dec. 

3 

1711S  . 

Samuel  Ashe   

.  .  .  New  Hanover 

Dec. 

3, 

17HS  — 

Nov. 

24, 

1711H  . 

William  H.  Davie  

.  .  .Halifax 

Nov. 

24, 

17111)  — 

Dec. 

0, 

1S02  . 

Benjamin  Williams    

.  .  .Moore 

Dec. 

0, 

1  SOL'  

Nov. 

24, 

1S05  . 

lames  Turner    

.  .  .  Warren 

Nov. 

25, 

ISO:,— 

Nov. 

24, 

1S()7  . 

Nathaniel  Alexander   

.     .  Mecklenburg 

Nov. 

25, 

1S07  — 

Nov. 

28, 

1SOS  . 

Benjamin  Williams    

.  .  .Moore 

Nov. 

2S, 

1SOS  — 

Dec. 

1, 

1S10  . 

David  Stone  

.  .  .Bertie 

Dec. 

1, 

1SH)  — 

Dec. 

7t 

1S11  . 

Benjamin  Smith  

.  .  .  Brunswick 

Dec. 

7 

1S11  — 

Nov. 

20, 

ISM   . 

William  Hawkins   

.  .  .  Warren 

Nov. 

20, 

ISM  — 

Dec. 

0, 

1S17  . 

William  Miller    

.  .  .  Warren 

Dec. 

6, 

1S17  — 

Dec. 

7i 

1S20  . 

John  Branch   

.  .  .Halifax 

Dec. 

7i 

1820  — 

Dec. 

7f 

1S21  . 

Jesse  Franklin  

.  .  .  Surrv 

Dec. 

7_ 

1S21  — 

Dec. 

7, 

1S24  . 

Gabriel  Holmes    

.  .  .  Sampson 

Dec. 

7 

1S24  — 

Dec. 

8, 

1S27  . 

Hutchins  G.  Burton     

.  .  .Halifax 

Dec. 

8, 

1S27  — 

Dec. 

12, 

1S2S  . 

James  Iredell    

.  .  .Chowan 

Dec. 

12, 

1S2S  — 

Dec. 

18, 

1S30  . 

John  Owen    

.  .  .Bladen 

Dec. 

18, 

1S3D  — 

Dec. 

l>. 

1S32  . 

Montford  Stokes     

.  .  .Wilkes 

Dec. 

6, 

1S32  — 

Dec. 

10, 

IS:-!.',  . 

David  L.  Swain  

.  .  .  Buncombe 

Dec. 

10, 

is:*r,  — 

Dec. 

31, 

183(1 

Uichard  Dobbs  Spai-ht,  Jr  .  . 

.  .  .Craven 

Eltrtfl  bij  the   Ffopl,-  3 

Dec. 

31, 

1S30  — 

Jan. 

1, 

1S41  . 

Kdward  B.  Dudley     

.  .  .  New  Hanover 

Jan. 

1, 

1S41  — 

Jan. 

1, 

1S45  . 

Tohn  M.  Morehead    .  .  . 

.  .  .Guilford 

e  p.  82.  :  Term  of  office  one  year. 

3  Term  of  ofiice  changed  to  two  years  in  1835. 


308  AITKXDIX   II 


Jan 

1 

1st 

- 

Jan. 

1 

1S49 

Willi' 

mi  A.  (  Irahani 

O 

Jan. 

1. 

IsfJ  — 

Jan. 

1, 

1S51      . 

.  .    Char 

les  Manlv 

Wake 

Jan. 

1, 

1  — 

1854 

Davi 

d  S.  Reid  

Rockinghani 

1S.T 

4  — 

Jan. 

1, 

is:,:, 

\Varr 

en  Winslou      

Cumberland 

Jan. 

1, 

1S.J 

.5  — 

Jan. 

1, 

1.S59 

.Thomas  Hrajrj;    

.     .  Northampton 

Jan 

1 

18;3 

9  — 

Inlv 

— 

IMil 

John   ..  .  _  

W    Kill* 

Houan 

July 

18fi 

i  

Sept. 

X, 

Ilenrv  T.  Clark 

Kdgecombe 

Sept. 

X 

2  — 

May- 

29, 

1M>5    .  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .  Zebi: 

,!on  B.  Vance 

Biincoinlie 

May 

1  < 

18(i 

5  — 

Dec. 

1  5, 

isc,.-,    . 

.     .Willi 

am  W.  llolden 

\\'ake 

Deo. 

15, 

lS(i 

5  — 

July 

1, 

istis  .  .  .  . 

J,,na 

Ihan  Wortli  ... 

Handolph 

July 

1, 

ISO 

s  — 

Mar. 

22, 

1871 

.  .  .Willi 

am  W.  Holden'      . 

...  \\'akt.' 

Mar. 

_':. 

187 

1  — 

July 

1  1. 

i  ^7  i 

.  .  .Tod 

H.  Caldwell      . 

Burke 

July 

14, 

187 

4  — 

Jan. 

1. 

ls77 

.  .  .Curtis  11.  Broaden   .  . 

..Wayne 

Jan. 

1, 

187 

7  — 

Feb. 

.->, 

Is7'.i  .  .  .  . 

.  .  .     Zebu 

Ion  B.   N'ance     

Mecklenlnir- 

Feb. 

5, 

187 

9  — 

Jan. 

21, 

1SS5  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .Thoi 

nas  .1.  Jarvis    

I'itt 

Jan 

- 

18S 

-    

Jan 

17 

issy 

•Ml  re 

d  M    Scale- 

Kookin"hain 

Jan. 

17. 

18* 

!l  — 

April 

8, 

IV.H       .      . 

.     .  Dam 

el  (i.  Foule 

Wake 

April 

s 

1S9 

1  — 

Jan. 

IS 

1893 

Thoi 

nas  M.  Holt 

\lamanre 

Jan. 

is, 

Jan. 

12, 

1N97 

.  .  .  .  Klias 

Carr  

Kdgecombe 

Jan. 

12, 

189 

7  

Jan. 

15, 

1901      .  .  . 

.  .  .  Dani 

el   I..    Ku-r-ell    

Brunswick 

Jan 

1  -, 

100 

1 

Jan 

1  1 

1905 

Char 

les  B.    \vcuok 

Wayne 

Jan. 

11, 

Jan. 

1909 

Rolx 

•rt  B.  (lleiin 

Forsyth 

Jan. 

12, 

1909  — 

.  .  .  .  Willi. 

mil  W.  Kitcliin    .... 

Person 

i  x  n  K  x 


Advance,  the,  231-23.1  Bethel   Regiment,  211 

Agricultural    and    Mechanical    Col-     Blackbeard,  the  pirate,  43;   defeated 


,         ,  , 

Agriculture,  in  colonial  times,  27  2S;     Blackwell,    \\' 
effect    of   the  Civil    War  on,    271  factory,  2s:j 

27.1;    State    Department    of,    27(1;     Hlakely,    Johnston,    birth,     1(10;     is 

progress  in  since  ISd.l,  27S  brought    to    North    Carolina,    It)!); 

Alamance,  battle  of,  (it),  107  at     the    I'niversity,     KiO;     enters 

Albemarle     Sound,     settlements     on          the     I'nited     States     Navy,     IdO; 

shores  of,  11  in     the     war     with     the     Algerine 

Alderman,  Kd\vin  A.,  conducts  edu-         pirates,   Kil    1(12;    in  command  of 

cational  campaign,  2(17  the  En /<vu/-/«,  1(12;    of  the  \\'<i*i>, 

Amadas,    Philip,    explores    Roanoke          K>2    Kid;     captures    the    Kcimli-fr, 

Island,  3-4  1(12- 1(14;  sinks  the  .-iron,  Idl-ld.l; 

Andrews,    Alexander    Boyd,    a    rail-          welcome    in     Franc<>,     ll>4;     .-ends 

challenge  to  British  navy,  ln.">; 
career  on  the  ll'i/x/i,  In'.")  -Kit;; 
honors  at  home,  Kid;  death.  Kill; 


Ashe,  John,  on  Committee  of  Cor-  Blakcly,   I'dney  Maria,  daughter  of 

respondencc,       dS;      burns     Fort  Johnston     Blakely,    adopted    and 

Johnston,     S3-S4;     proscribed     by  educated    by    the   State   of    North 

(iovernor  Martin,  S4  Carolina.  Ki7 

Aycock,  Charles  Brant lev,  governor  Blockade  running:.  234-23.1 

of    North    Carolina     leads    educa-  Blount,     William,     delegate    to     the 

tional  campaign,  200  Convention  of  17s7.  117,  130 

Bloodworth,  Timothy.  opposes  Fed- 
Badger,  (ieorge  V.  22d-227  eral  Constitution,  140 
Banks,  saved  by  (laston,  171-17.1  Blunt,  Tom.  Indian  chief.  3-1 
Barlow,    Arthur,    explores    Roanoke  Board  of  War,  102 

Island,:!-!  Boston,    aided    by    North    Carolina 

Bath,  oldest  town  in  North  Carolina,  patriots,  70 

32  Branch,  ( leneral  L.  O'B.,  22s 

Battle,  Joel,  builds  cotton  mill.  270.  Bridgets.      Robert      Rufus,     railroad 

Battle1,    Kemp    Plummer,    president  builder.   2sd 

of  the1  I'niveTsity,  2(14,  2SS  Buck  Spring,   140 

Bentem,  Thomas,  tribute1  to  Macon,  Burke.  Thomas,  S.I 

1-13  Bute1  County,  abolished,  lid 

Be'ntonville,  battle  of,  2.10  Byrd,  commissioner  to  run  Virginia- 

Bethel,  battle  of,  243-244  Carolina  boundary.  4.1-  Id 

30<J 


310 


INDEX 


Cabot,  John,  3 

Cabot,  Sebastian,3 

Cahhvell,  Joseph,  favors  common 
schools,  210 

Camden,  battle  of,  135 

Campbell,  William,  at  battle  of 
King's  Mt.,  124 

Cape  Fear  Section,  settlement  of, 
40;  famous  homes  in,  47 

Capitol,  burned,  175;  rebuilt  at. 
Raleigh,  175 

Carolina,  named  for  Charles  I,  10; 
retained  for  Charles  II,  10;  gov- 
ernment of,  17 

Carpet-baggers,  205-207 

Carr,  Julian  S.,  283 

Cary,  Thomas,  31,  40-42 

Cary's  rebellion,  33,  40-42 

Caswell,  Richard,  inspects  Fort 
Dobbs,  53;  birth,  105;  moves  to 
North  Carolina,  105;  appointed 
deputy-surveyor,  10(5;  elected  to 
the  Assembly,  100;  work  in  the 
Assembly,  106-107;  serves  against 
the  Regulators,  107;  on  the  Com- 
mittee of  Correspondence,  OS,  10S; 
elected  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, 70,  05,  10S;  journey  to 
Philadelphia,  108-110;  describes 
situation  at  Philadelphia,  110; 
appointed  colonel  of  North  Caro- 
lina troops,  110-111;  defeats  the 
Highlanders  at  Moore's  Creek, 
111-11)};  elected  governor,  113- 
114,  11(5;  services  as  governor, 
114;  at  battle  of  Camden,  115; 
defends  North  Carolina  against 
invasion,  115;  speaker  of  House 
of  Cc  mmons,  11(5;  declines  elec- 
tion to  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  17X7,  117;  death,  117 

Charles  1 1.,  grants  Carolina  to  Lords 
Proprietors,  10 

Charlotte,  defence  of  by  Davie,  130- 

,  K'7 

Churches  in  North  Carolina,  202 

Cities  of  North  Carolina,  202 

Civil    War,    preparations    for,    2H; 

North  Carolina  troops  in,  232-233, 

242 
Cleveland,  Benjamin,  early  life,  120- 

121;    services  in  Revolution,  121; 


in  King's  Mountain  campaign, 
124-128;  speech  to  his  men,  120; 
last  days,  128 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  at  Cape  Fear, 
87,  113 

Confederate  States  of  America,  203- 
204 

Congress  of  1774,  meets  at  New 
Bern,  00;  measures  of,  70;  elects 
delegates  to  Continental  Congress, 
70 

Commerce,  in  colonial  days,  27-28 

Committees  of  Correspondence,  07- 
GS 

Committees  of  Safety,  81-82 

Common  Schools,  216-220 

Corn,  carried  to  England,  7 

Cormvallis,  Lord,  at  Cape  Fear,  113; 
retreats  from  Charlotte,  127; 
invades  North  Carolina,  130-137 

Conservative  Party,  200 

Constitution  of  North  Carolina, 
1770,  113;  amended  by  Conven- 
tion of  1835, 150,  177-178 

Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
130-140;  rejected  by  North  Caro- 
lina, 140;  adopted,  141 

Continental  Congress,  (58 

Convention  of  1787  at  Philadelphia, 
110-117,  130-140 

Convention  of  1788  at  Hillsboro,  140 
of  1780  at  Fayettevillc,  141 

Convention  of  1X35,  amendments  to 
Constitution,  15(5 

Cotton  manufactures,  282 

Council  of  Safety,  82 

Cox,  (Jeneral  William  R.,  258 

Croatan,  0-10 

Culpepper,  John,  appointed  collec- 
tor, 22 

Culpepper's  Rebellion,   18-23 

Dale,  Richard,  101 

Dare,   Kleanor,    mother   of   Virginia 

Dare,  8 
Dare,  Virginia,  first  white  child  born 

in  ''  Virginia,"  8 
Davidson,  John,  102 
Davidson  College,  210,  243 
Davie,  Archibald,   132 
Davie,    William    Richardson,    birth 

and   education,    132-133;     volun- 


IXDKX 


311 


teers  in  Revolutionary  army,  133; 
major  of  cavalry,  1-51;  narrow 
escape  at  Stono  Kerry,  131;  ad- 
mit let!  to  liar,  13.">;  pledges  for- 
tune to  equip  his  company,  13f>; 
his  I KI(  ties,  1:5.")  13t>;  as  a  soldier, 
13(>;  defence  of  Charlotte,  13(1 
137;  a|)pointed  quartermaster, 
1157;  ('(juips  (Ireene's  army,  137  - 
13X;  as  a  lawyer,  13X;  as  an 
orator,  139;  memher  of  Conven- 
tion of  17S7,  139-140;  of  Conven- 
tion of  17SS,  MO;  of  Convention 
of  17X9,  141;  supports  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution,  110-111;  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  1-11; 
founds  the  University,  112;  elected 
governor,  142-143;  United  States 
commissioner  to  France,  143;  de- 
clines appointment  as  major- 
general  in  United  Slates  army, 
144;  last  days,  111;  Gastou's 
tribute  to,  111' 

Davis,  Jefferson,  205 

l)e  (iraffenried,  Christopher,  founds 
New  Bern,  32 

Deputies  of  the  Lords  Proprietors, 
20-27 

Dix,  Dorothea,  work  for  an  asylum 
for  the  insane,  IX.")- 1X7 

Dobbin,  James  Cochran,  birth,  1X3; 
education,  1X3;  admitted  to  the 
bar,  1X4;  elect e'.  to  Congress, 
1X1 -IX");  in  the  ( leneral  Assembly 
1X5;  speech  on  insane  asvlum 
bill,  1X()-1X7;  speaker  of  1  louse 
of  Commons,  1X7;  on  secession, 
1X7-1 XS;  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
1SX-190;  death,  I'M) 

Dobbs,  Arthur,  appointed  governor, 
51 

Drake,  Sir  Francis,  carries  Lane's 
colony  to  Kngland,  t> 

Drummond,  first  governor  of  Caro- 
lina, 17 

Duke,  Washington,  2X3 

Durant,  ( leorge,  birth,  11;  moves 
to  Carolina,  !.">;  selects  site  for 
his  home  1">;  buys  land  from 
Indian  chief,  !.">;  leads  resistance 
to  navigation  laws,  19;  threatens 
to  rebel  against  Eustuhurch,  20; 


ari'ives  in  Carolina  from  Kngland, 
21;  leads  rebellion,  21;  in  con- 
trol of  government,  22;  resists 
Seth  Sothel,  23;  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  23;  death,  2:5 
Durant  's  Neck,  I  ") 

Kast  church,  Thomas,  in  Kngland, 
11);  appointed  governor  of  Albe- 
marle,  20;  stops  in  West  Indies, 
21;  sends  Miller  to  administer 
government,  21;  arrives  in  Vir- 
ginia, 22;  death,  22 

Kden,  Charles,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  3(>;  suspected  of  friend- 
ship for  Hlackbeard,  43 

Education,  in  colonial  days,  20,  3X- 
30;  before  IXliO,  104,  197-198,210- 
220,2(i2-271;  i)rogress  since  1002, 
200 

Klizabeth,  (^ueen,  confers  knight- 
hood on  Raleigh,  2;  gives  him 
permission  to  send  colony  to 
America,  3;  names  new  country 
"Virginia,"  ">;  banishes  Raleigh 
from  her  court,  11 

Kllis,  John  \\'.,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  refuses  troops  to  Presi- 
dent Lincoln,  204,  211 

Kllsworth,  Oliver,  143 

EiitiT/irixc,  the,  commanded  by 
Blakely,  lf)2 

Established  Church  in  Carolina,  30- 
31,  39 

1'^utaw  Springs,  battle  of,  13X 

Farm  Life  Schools,  27X 

Ferguson,    Patrick,    threatens    fron- 


124;     fl 


to 


Mountain,  12.1;    killed,  12 
Fort    Dobbs,   description   of, 

attacked,  .">(> 
1'ort    Duquesne,  .">  4  -.">() 
Fort  Johnston,  X3--X  1 
l''ort    Nohoroco,  3o 
Fort    Raleigh,  built   by  Lane,  .">;    in 

ruins,  X 
France,    hostility   of,    to    the    United 

States,  1  1:5  ;   t'reatv  with.  1  13 
Franklin,  State  of,   120 
French  and  Indian  War,  ">1-  •-")<) 
Fries,  Francis,  2X0 


312 


INDEX 


Frontier  Life  before  the  Revolution 
120 

Gaston,  Alexander,  170-172 

Gaston,  Margaret  Sharpe,  170-172 

Gaston,  William,  birth,  170;  edu- 
cation, 172-173;  admitted  to  bar, 
173;  in  the  Legislature,  173-175; 
speaker,  173;  supports  plan  for  a 
supreme  court,  174;  saves  the 
State  Bank,  174-175;  opposes 
removal  of  the  capitol,  175; 
elected  to  Congress,  175;  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  177;  work  in  the  Conven- 
tion of  1S35,  177-1 78;  popu- 
larity, 17S-179;  as  an  orator,  179; 
orations  at  the  University  and  at 
Princeton,  179-1SO;  honors,  ISO; 
deatli  181;  mentioned,  194 

Gaston  Hall,  172 

Gates,  General  Horatio,  defeated  at 
Camden,  115,  135 

Gettysburg,  battle  of,  249-251 

Glenn,  Robert  Hroadnax,  governor 
of  North  Carolina,  leads  tight,  for 
prohibition,  291 

Glover,  William,  31,   10-42 

Gombroon,  home  of  /.  H.  Vance,  23S 

Graham,  Joseph,  192 

Graham,  William  Alexander,  men- 
tioned, ISO;  birth,  192;  educa- 
tion, 192-193;  at  the  University, 
193;  admitted  to  the  bar.  193; 
as  an  orator,  194;  work  in  the 
Legislature,  194-195;  in  the 
United  States  Senate,  195-19<>; 
as  governor,  197-19S;  favors 
Xorth  Carolina  Railroad,  19S; 
raises  troops  for  Mexican  War, 
199;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  199 
200;  sends  Perry  expedition  to 
Japan,  200  201 ;  opinion  on  seces- 
sion, 203  201;  member  of  Con- 
vention of  Istil,  201;  Confederate 
States  senator,  201  205;  favors 
peace,  205;  leads  figlit  auainst 
reconstruction  in  North  Carolina, 
201  i;  favors  impeachment  of  Gov- 
ernor Holden,  201);  member  of 
IVabody  Kducation  Hoard,  207; 
represents  Virginia  in  Virginia- 


Marvland  boundary  controversy, 
207;  death,  207-208 

Grand  Model,  sent  to  Carolina  by 
Lords  Proprietors,  17;  resisted  by 
the  people,  IS 

Graves,  Calvin,  votes  for  Xorth 
Carolina  Railroad,  19S-09 

Greene,  General  Nathaniel,  in  com- 
mand of  Southern  army,  137; 
appoints  Davie  quarter-master, 
137;  fights  battles  of  Guilford 
Court  House,  Hobkirk's  Hill, 
Eutaw  Springs,  13S;  urges  Macon 
to  go  to  the  Legislature,  14S 

Grimes,  Major-General  Bryan, 
favors  secession,  242;  at  battle  of 
Seven  Pines,  252-253;  as  a  sol- 
dier, 253-254;  appointed  briga- 
dier-general, 254-255;  service  in 
Shenandoah  Valley,  255;  ap- 
pointed major-general,  255;  at 
siege  of  Petersburg,  255-257; 
plans  last  battle  of  Lee's  armv, 
257-25S;  last  days,  259-2C.O 

Guilford  Court  House,  battle  of, 
115,  13S 

Guilford  College,  210 

Hancock,  Indian  chief,  33;  insti- 
gates attack  on  whites,  34;  de- 
feated, 35 

Hanging  Rock,  battle  of,  135 
Harnett,  Cornelius,  birth,  7(1;  moves 
to  Wilmington,  7l>;  appearance, 
70;  in  the  Assembly,  77;  resists 
Stamp  Act,  77 -SO;  enforces  non- 
importation association,  SO;  plans 
committees  of  correspondence, 
SO-Sl;  member  of  Committee  of 
Correspondence,  (is;  visits  New 
England,  SI  ;  member  Provincial 
Congress,  Si;  president  Provin- 
cial Council,  S2;  receives  news  of 
battle  of  Lexington,  S2;  burns 
Fort  Johnston,  S3  S  I ;  proscribed 
by  Governor  Martin,  si;  leads 
way  to  independence,  Si  Sli; 
proscribed  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton, 
S7;  reads  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence to  people  at  Halifax,  S7; 
elected  delegate  to  Continental 
Congress,  SS;  his  sacrifices  in 


IXDKX 


313 


cause  of  independence,  SS;  death, 
S9;  signs  Articles  of  Confedera- 
tion, 102 

Harvey,  John,  birth,  t>3;  educat  ion, 
().'>;  wcaltli,  l>3;  clcctcil  to  the 
Assembly,  tit;  speaker,  til  <i.~>;  op- 
poses taxation  by  1'arliameut,  tifi; 
moderator  of  convention  of  1709, 
(17;  rewarded  for  services,  t>7;  on 
Commit  tee  of  ( 'orrespondence,  US; 
calls  Congress  of  177  t,<i9;  thanked 
for  service  by  Congress,  70  71; 
sends  a  id  to  Boston,  71  72;  speaker 
of  last  colonial  Assembly,  72  73; 
moderator  of  Congress  of  177"), 
72  73;  death,  73;  tributes  to,  73 

Harvey,  Thomas,  22 

Harvey's  Xeck,  ti.3 

Haywood,  William  II.,  191 

Hewes,  Joseph,  member  of  Com- 
mittee of  Correspondence,  t'»; 
elected  a  delegate  to  Continental 
Congress,  70,  9.">;  sends  aid  to 
Boston,  72,  91;  lays  Resolution 
of  April  12,  177»i,  before  Conti- 
nental Congress,  Sti;  birth,  92; 
education,  1*2;  moves  to  Kdenion, 
93;  in  the  Assembly,  93;  mem- 
ber of  Provincial  Congress,  9.~>; 
head  of  naval  committee  of  Con- 
tinental Congress,  9<i-97;  urges 
resistance  to  the  King,  9S;  sends 
supplies  to  Washington's  army, 
101;  death,  101;  journey  to  Con- 
tinental Congress,  KM) 

Hill,  (leneral  Daniel  Harvey,  mili- 
tary training,  242-243;  trains 
Xorth  Carolina  troops,  243;  at 
battle  of  Bethel,  1213-244;  his 
bearing  in  battle,  244-24(1;  placed 
in  defence  of  Xorth  Carolina,  l24li- 
247;  service  in  Tennessee,  2oS- 
2.")9;  at  battle  of  Bentonville,  2.")*); 
last  days.  2.~>!t-2!'>0 

Hill,  Daniel  Harvey,  Jr.,  president 
of  A.  cV  M.  College,  277 

Hobkirk's  Hill,  bat  lie  of,  13S 

Ilolden,  William  \\  .,  governor  of 
Xorth  Carolina,  impeachment  of, 
20(5 

Ilolladav,  Alexander  ().,  president 
of  A.  cV-  M.  College,  277 


Holt,  Ivhvin  M.,  12SO;  erects  cotton 
mill,  2s  1;  erects  first  dye  plant, 
in  South,  2sl;  the  Holt  mills,  2s2 

Hooper,  William,  member  of  the 
Committee  of  Correspondence, 
(is;  bill  h,  !•!  ;  ediieat  ion,  !)1 
!*2;  moves  to  Wilmington,  92; 
in  Assembly,  93;  sends  aid  to 
Boston,  91;  advocates  a  Provincial 
Congress,  9  1  9.1;  member  of  Pro- 
vincial Congress,  9f>;  elected  dele- 
gate to  Continent  ill  Congre>s,  70, 
9.">;  as  an  orator,  9(i;  urges  re- 
sistance to  King,  97;  predicts 
independence  of  colonies,  9s; 
last  days  and  death,  100;  monu- 
ment, 103 

Hornet's  Xest,  13»> 

Houston,  William,  forced  to  resign 
ollice  of  stamp  agent,  7S 

Howe,  Robert,  on  Committee  of 
Correspondence,  OX;  proscribed 
by  Martin,  Si;  by  Clinton,  s7 

Huguenots,  .settle  in  Xorth  Caro- 
lina, 4(1 

Hyde,  Kduard,  appointed  governor 
of  Xorth  Carolina,  31,  41;  seeks 
help  against  Indians  from  South 
Carolina  and  Virginia,  31;  death, 
31;  sides  with  Pollock  against 
Moseley,  42 

Independence,  S 1-Xtt,  99 

Indians,   plan  attack  on  whites.   33; 

in  French  and  Indian  War,  ")2-.")S 
limes,     Colonel     James,     commands 

Xorth  Carolina  troops,  .~>2 
Insane  Asylum,  1S.">-1S7 
Internal  Improvements,  194-T9.">, 

197 

Invincible  Armada,  X-9 
Iredell.      James,      supports      Federal 

Constitution,   140   111 

Jackson,  Andrew,  opinion  of  Davie, 

136 

Jamestown,  founding  of,  12 
Japan,    treaty    with,    Is9-190,    200- 

2(  12 
Jarvis,  Thomas  .1.,  governor  of  Xorth 

Carolina,  2s7 
Jenkins,    John,    act  inn    governor    of 

Xorth  ( 'arolina,  22 


314 


IXDEX 


Johnston,  Gabriel,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  105-100 

Johnston,  General  Joseph  E.,  sur- 
renders to  General  Sherman  near 
Durham,  259 

Johnston,  Samuel,  member  of  Com- 
mittee of  Correspondence,  08; 
supports  Federal  Constitution,  140 

Jones,  General  Allen,  So,  133 

Jones,  John  Paul,  96,  161 

Jones,  Thomas,  85 

Jones,  Willie,  opposes  Federal  Con- 
stitution, 140 

Joyner,  James  Yudkin,  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction, 
289;  progress  in  education  under, 
290 

Kilcocanen,    sells    land    to    George 

Durant,  15 
Kinchen,  John,  85 
King's  Mountain,  battle  of,  125-128 

Lane,     Ralph,     governor     of     first 

colony;  5;    abandons  Roanoke,  6 
Leazar,  Augustus,  author  of  bill  to 

establish  A.  A:  M.  College,  277 
Lexington,  battle  of,  82-83 
Libraries  in  North  Carolina,  21)2 
Lillington,     Colonel     Alexander,     at 

battle  of  Moore's  Creek,  1  12 
Lincoln,  Abraham,  President  of  the 

United  States,  203 
Literary  Hoard,  the,  211 
Lords     Proprietors,     receive     grant 

from    the     King,     16;      formulate1 

government     for     Carolina,      17; 

appoint  Eastchurch  governor,  20; 
Lost  Colony,  the,  10-11 

McDowell,  Joseph,  in  King's  Moun- 
tain campaign,  124 

Mclver,  Charles  Duncan,  birth,  203; 
education,  203-204;  at  the  Uni- 
versity, 204- -205;  first  vote,  205- 
200;  as  a  teacher,  200;  needs  of 
public  schools,  200  267;  founds 
Slate  Normal  and  Industrial  Col- 
lege, 207  70;  as  an  educational 
leader,  270;  member  of  Southern 
Educational  Hoard;  270  271; 
honors,  271 ;  death,  270  271 


Macon,  Nathaniel,  birth,  146;  edu- 
cation, 140-147;  volunteers  in 
patriot  army,  147;  elected  to 
Legislature,  147-149;  builds  Buck 
Spring,  149;  habits,  149;  amuse- 
ments, 150;  political  offices,  151; 
as  a  public  official,  151;  his  work 
in  Congress,  153-154;  on  war, 
153;  retires  from  Congress,  154- 
150;  president  of  Convention  of 
1835,  150;  death,  157 

Manteo,  Indian  warrior,  goes  to 
England,  4;  returns  to  Roanoke, 
5;  sends  food  to  Lane's  colony,  6 

Manufacturing,  279 

Martin,  Alexander,  member  of  Con- 
vention of  1787,  139 

Martin,  Josiah,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  refuses  to  convene  the 
Assembly,  09;  denounces  the 
committees  of  safety,  81;  plans 
uprising  of  the  Tories,  111 

Mecklenburg  County,  organizes  an 
independent  government,  99 

Mexican  War,  North  Carolina  troops 
in,  199 

Miller,  Thomas,  in  England,  19; 
appointed  collector,  20;  tyranny 
of,  21 ;  arrested  and  imprisoned  21 

Moore,  Colonel  James,  defeats  Han- 
cock, 35 

Moore,  ( ieneral  James,  resists  Stamp 
Act;  commands  North  Carolina 
troops  in  Moore's  Creek  cam- 
paign, 1 12 

Moore's  Creek  Bridge,  battle  of,  85, 
111-113 

Morehead,  John  M.,  governor  of 
Noil  h  ( 'arolina,  220 

Moselev,  Edward,  rival  of  Thomas 
Pollock,  31  ;  moves  to  Norl  h  (  'aro- 
lina, 3S;  his  plantations  and 
wealth,  38;  library,  39;  political 
career,  39;  member  of  governor's 
council,  10;  in  theCary  Rebellion, 
40-11;  declares  against  taxation 
without  representation,  42;  de- 
nounces governor  Eden  for  failure 
to  punish  pirates,  43-4 1;  im- 
prisoned, 41;  boundary  line  com- 
missioner, 45  46;  moves  to  ('ape 
Fear,  46;  builds  Moseley  Hall, 


IXDF.X 


•17;     last    services    to    colony,     IS; 

death,  19 
Murphry,  Archil):il<l  I).,  139,  112, 

191,  I'll) 
Murray,  \\'illiain  Vans,  1 13 

Nosh,  Frederick,  194 

Nash,    Aimer,    governor    of    North 

Carolina,  proscribed  by  (Jovernor 

Marl  in,  SI;    mentioned,  Sf> 
Navigation    Laws,    resisted    by    the 

people,    19 
New   Bern,   founding  of,  32;    battle 

of,  22S 
Newspapers     in      North      C'arolina, 

292 
Non-Importation     Association,     00- 

(17,  SO 

North  C'arolina  Railroad,  19S-199 
North   Carolina-Virginia   Boundary 

Line,  44-40 

Peabody  Education  Board,  207 

Fender,  Major-Cleneral  William  1)., 
212 

Fenn,  John,  birth,  93;  education, 
93;  moves  to  North  C'arolina,  93; 
in  the  Assembly,  95;  elected  dele- 
gate to  the  Continental  Congress, 
95-97;  urges  resistance  to  the 
King,  9S;  signs  Articles  of  Con- 
federation, 101;  member  of  Board 
of  War,  102;  death,  102-103; 
monument  to,  103 

Ferry,  Commodore  M.  C.,  com- 
mands expedition  to  Japan,  1S9- 
190,  201-202 

Person,  Thomas,  S5;  opposes  Fed- 
eral Constitution,  110 

Fettigrew,  James  Johnston,  pre- 
pares for  war,  247-24S;  enters 
Confederate  army,  24S;  in  prison, 
249;  at  the  battle  of  ( lettysbu.'g, 
249-251;  death,  251-252-  ' 

Pirates,  43-44 

Folk,  Leonidas  L.,  commissioner  of 
agriculture,  270 

Pollock,  Thomas,  arrested  by  Sothel, 
2(5;  birth,  2(5;  comes  to  North 
C'arolina  as  deputy  of  Lord  Car- 
teret,  2(5;  as  a  planter,  27;  rival 
of  Moseley,  31;  president  of  the 


Council,  31;  defends  settlers, 
against  Indians,  35;  makes  treaty 
with  Tom  Blunt,  35;  establishes 
peace  in  the  colony,  3(5;  death,  3(5 

Population  of  North  Carolina,  Is70- 
1910,  293 

Fotato,  the,  taken  to  Fngland,  7 

Prohibition  in  North  C'arolina,  291 

Provincial  Council,  S2 

Fullen,  Richard  Stanhope,  donates 
land  for  college,  277 

Quakers,   in   the  colony,   30;    refuse 
to  take  Oath  of  Allegiance,    10    11 
Quincy,  Josiali,  visits  Harm-It,  SO 

Railroads,  19");    since  ISO/),  2S."> 
Raleigh  and  (laston  Railroad,  195 
Raleigh,  C'ity  of,  name,  1 
Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  birth,  1;    early 
life,  1-2;    knighted  by  the  Queen, 
2;  sends  expedition  to  America,  3; 
send    a    colony    to     Roanoke,    5; 
plants   the   potato   in    Ireland,    7; 
learns  to  smoke,  7;  sends  a  second 
colony      to      Roanoke,      7;     busy 
against    the    Spanish   Armada,   9; 
loses      the      Queen's     favor,      11; 
thrown     into     prison      by      King 
James,  11;   death,  11-42 
Ramsauer's  Mill,  battle  of,  135 
Ramseur,     Major-Cleneral     Stephen 

I).,  212,  254 
Randolph,   John,   of   Roanoke,    150, 

152;    tribute  to  Macon,  157 
Ransom,  Matt  W.,  190 
Reconstruction,  205  200,  2(52 
Regulators,  the,  107 
Religion,  in  colonial  days,  30 
Resolution  of  April  12,  177(5,  declar- 
ing for  independence,  S5-SO;  effect 
on  other  colonies,  100 
Richardson,  Rev.  William,  132 
Roanoke  Island,  explored  by  Ama- 
das   and    Barlow,    3;     selected    for 
colony,      4;       Lane's     colony,      5; 
White's  colony  on,  7 
Rogers,    Sergeant    John,    on    expedi- 
tion to  Fort  Duquesne,  55-50 
Roosevelt,      Theodore,      tribute      to 

Blakely.  107 

Roimh  and  Ready  (luaids,  raised 
by  Vance,  227-228 


316 


INDEX 


Ruffin,  Chief  Justice  Thomas,   193, 

104 
Rutherford,  General  Griffith,   121 

St.  Paul's  Church,  31 

Schenek,  Michael,  civets  first  cotton 
mill  in  North  Carolina,  280 

Secession,   1S7-1SS,  203-204 

ISevicr,  John,  early  life,  122;  moves 
to  North  Carolina,  12)5;  marriage 
123-124;  raises  troops  against 
Ferguson,  124-128;  governor  of 
the  State  of  Franklin,  129; 
arrested,  129;  escape,  129-130; 
last  days,  130 

Shelby,  Isaac,  early  life,  121-122; 
colonel  of  North  Carolina  militia, 
122;  in  King's  Mountain  cam- 
paign, 124-128;  moves  to  Ken- 
tucky, 12S;  governor  of  Kentucky 
12S;'in  the  War  of  1812,  128-129; 
death,  129 

Slaves  and  slavery,  27,  202-203 

Social  life  in  the  colony,  28-29 

Sotliel,  Seth,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  22-23,  20 

South  Carolina,  sends  aid  against  the 
Indians,  34-3") ;  secession  of,  203 

Southern  Education  Hoard,  270  271 

Spaight,  Richard  Dobbs,  governor 
of  North  Carolina,  member  of 
Convention  of  1787,  139 

Spencer,  Samuel,  opposes  Federal 
( 'onstitution,  1  10 

Stamp  Act,  the,  ."/.I,  05,  77-80 

State  Normal  and  Industrial  Col- 
lege, 208-270 

Stono  Ferry,  battle  of,  13  I 

Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina, 
created,  174 

Swain,  David  Lowrie,  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  224 

Tea  tax,  05 

Tobacco,    carried    to    England,     7; 

u~ed  for  money,  18;    manufacture 

of,  2X2 

Trinity  College,  210 
Tryon,    William,   governor  of   North 

Carolina,   defeats   the    Heunlators, 

00;      resists     the     Assembly,     OX; 

fails  to  enforce  Stamp  Act,  79  -SO 


Twenty-sixth  North  Carolina  Regi- 
ment, 228,  151 

Tyler,  John,  tribute  to  Macon  157, 
mentioned,  190 

University  of  North  Carolina,  found- 
ing of,  141-112;  customs  at  in 
early  days,  100;  141-142,  155, 
1(50,  179-180,  183,  193,  210,  213, 
220,  224,  242,  247,  202,  204;  re- 
opened after  Civil  War,  289 

Vail,  Edward,  member  of  Committee 
of  Correspondence,  08 

Vance,  Zebulon  Haird,  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  205;  birth,  222; 
education,  223;  his  mother,  223- 
224;  at  the  University,  224; 
admitted  to  the  bar,  22(5;  in  the 
Legislature  and  in  Congress,  220; 
opposes  secession,  220-227;  as  an 
orator,  22(5-227;  goes  to  war,  227; 
at  battle  of  New  Hern,  228-230; 
in  battles  around  Richmond,  230; 
elected  governor,  231-232,  230- 
237;  services  as  governor,  232, 
23(5;  speeches  to  army  in  Vir- 
ginia, 233-234;  sends  out  block- 
ade runners,  234-235;  in  prison, 
235-230;  elected  United  States 
senator,  237-238;  death,  238 

"  Virginia,"  named  by  Eli/abet  h,  4   5. 

Virginia,  settlers  from,  come  to 
North  Carolina,  14 

Virginia-North  Carolina  boundary 
line,  44-40 

Waddell,  Hugh,  the  elder,  comes  to 
.America,  51 

Waddell,  Hugh,  his  son,  birth,  51  ; 
collie's  to  North  Carolina,  52; 
appointed  captain  of  North  Caro- 
lina troops,  52  53;  sent  to  western 
frontier,  53;  builds  Fort  Dobbs, 
53;  makes  treaty  with  Indians. 
54;  relieves  Fort.  London,  54; 
joins  expedition  against  Fort 
Duquesne,  51-5(5;  defends  Fort 
Dobbs,  50  57;  forces  Indians  to 
make  peace,  57;  as  an  Indian 
fighter,  5X;  in  the  General  As- 
sembly, 5X;  marriage,  5X;  poli- 
tical honors,  59;  resists  the 


Stamp  Act,  ,r>9;   serves  against  the 
Regulators,  00;    death,  00 
Wake  1'Wesl   College,  210 
Wanchese,    Indian    warrior,    goes    to 
Kngland;     1;    returns  to   Roanoke 
">;      |)lans    destruction     of     Lane's 
colonv,  0 

War  of'lSI2,   I.7.),  Ili2    107,   170 
Warren  County,  formed,  1  Hi 
Washington,  (ieorge,  of)  .">0,  109   110 
U'r/.s/),  the,  commanded  by   Blak<ily, 

102   100;    loss  of,   Iti(i 
West(>rn  North  Carolina,  222  22o 
Western    North    Carolina    Railroad, 

2SO 

\\  lute,  John,  governor  of  "  Virginia," 

7;    returns  to  Kngland,  S;    returns 

to    Roanoke,    9;     searches    for    his 

colony,   10    I  1 

Whiting,   Major-dencral   W.    If.  C., 

242 

Wiley,    Calvin    Henderson,    superin- 
tendent  of  common    schools,   211 
212;    birth,  212;    education,   212- 
21:];    author,  213;    proposes  crea- 
tion of  office  of  superintendent,  of 


common  schools,  2IM  21  I ;  elected 
to  I  he  <  leneral  Assembly,  21  1  21.1; 
elected  superintendent  of  common 

schools, 2 1. "i;  his  work  for  education, 

21")  217;  keeps  schools  open  during 

Civil  War,  2 Is;  enter.-  the  Mini.- 1  rv, 

219;  death,  220. 
\\  illiams,  James,  m  King's  Mountain 

campaign,    121 
Williams,     John,     signs     Articles    of 

( 'onfederat  ion,    1 02 
Williamson,    Hugh,    member   of    the 

( 'onvent ion  of  1 7S7,  Io9 
Wilmington,  -10 
Wilmington  and    Weldon    Railroad, 

19.") 
Wilson,    James    W.,    builds    Western 

North  Carolina  Railroad,  2S7 
Winder,  John  ('ox,  railroad  builder, 

2Sf) 
Winston,    ( leorge   Tavloe,    president 

I'niversity,   201;     president    of   A. 

and  M.  College,  277 
Wyatt,  Henry,  L.,  211 

Vancey,  Bart  let  t,  201 


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